# 安裝PyQt5
pip install PyQt5

# 或安裝PySide2
pip install PySide2

# Qt6版本
pip install PyQt6
# 或
pip install PySide6

import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QMainWindow, QLabel, QPushButton, QVBoxLayout, QWidget

class MainWindow(QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.setWindowTitle("PyQt示例應(yīng)用")
        self.setGeometry(100, 100, 400, 300)
        
        # 創(chuàng)建中央部件和布局
        central_widget = QWidget()
        self.setCentralWidget(central_widget)
        layout = QVBoxLayout(central_widget)
        
        # 添加標(biāo)簽
        label = QLabel("歡迎使用PyQt跨平臺應(yīng)用！")
        layout.addWidget(label)
        
        # 添加按鈕
        button = QPushButton("點(diǎn)擊我")
        button.clicked.connect(self.on_button_clicked)
        layout.addWidget(button)
    
    def on_button_clicked(self):
        print("按鈕被點(diǎn)擊了！")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    window = MainWindow()
    window.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

# 加載.ui文件的示例
from PyQt5 import uic

# 加載UI文件
ui_file = "main_window.ui"
form_class = uic.loadUiType(ui_file)[0]

class MainWindow(QMainWindow, form_class):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.setupUi(self)  # 設(shè)置UI
        # 連接信號和槽
        self.pushButton.clicked.connect(self.on_button_clicked)

<!-- resources.qrc -->
<!DOCTYPE RCC>
<RCC>
  <qresource>
    <file>images/icon.png</file>
  </qresource>
</RCC>

# 編譯資源文件
pyrcc5 resources.qrc -o resources_rc.py

# 在代碼中使用資源
import resources_rc
self.setWindowIcon(QIcon(":/images/icon.png"))

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import messagebox

???????class TkinterApp:
    def __init__(self, root):
        self.root = root
        root.title("Tkinter示例應(yīng)用")
        root.geometry("400x300")
        
        # 創(chuàng)建標(biāo)簽
        label = tk.Label(root, text="歡迎使用Tkinter跨平臺應(yīng)用！", font=("Arial", 14))
        label.pack(pady=20)
        
        # 創(chuàng)建按鈕
        button = tk.Button(root, text="點(diǎn)擊我", command=self.on_button_click)
        button.pack(pady=10)
    
    def on_button_click(self):
        messagebox.showinfo("消息", "按鈕被點(diǎn)擊了！")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    root = tk.Tk()
    app = TkinterApp(root)
    root.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("TTK主題示例")

# 設(shè)置主題
style = ttk.Style()
print(style.theme_names())  # 查看可用主題
style.theme_use("clam")  # 使用clam主題

# 使用ttk組件
ttk_button = ttk.Button(root, text="TTK按鈕")
ttk_button.pack(pady=10)

ttk_entry = ttk.Entry(root)
ttk_entry.pack(pady=10)

root.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import simpledialog

class CustomDialog(simpledialog.Dialog):
    def __init__(self, parent, title):
        self.result = None
        super().__init__(parent, title)
    
    def body(self, frame):
        tk.Label(frame, text="請輸入您的名字：").grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="w")
        self.entry = tk.Entry(frame)
        self.entry.grid(row=0, column=1, padx=5, pady=5)
        return self.entry  # 初始焦點(diǎn)
    
    def apply(self):
        self.result = self.entry.get()

???????# 使用自定義對話框
root = tk.Tk()
root.withdraw()  # 隱藏主窗口
dialog = CustomDialog(root, "輸入對話框")
print("輸入結(jié)果：", dialog.result)

# 使用ttkthemes改善外觀
from ttkthemes import ThemedTk

root = ThemedTk(theme="arc")  # 使用arc主題
root.title("美化的Tkinter應(yīng)用")

???????ttk.Button(root, text="現(xiàn)代風(fēng)格按鈕").pack(pady=10)
root.mainloop()

# 安裝Kivy
pip install kivy

# 如果需要額外的功能，安裝完整版
pip install kivy[full]

# 對于Android開發(fā)，安裝buildozer
pip install buildozer

from kivy.app import App
from kivy.uix.boxlayout import BoxLayout
from kivy.uix.label import Label
from kivy.uix.button import Button

class MyApp(App):
    def build(self):
        # 創(chuàng)建布局
        layout = BoxLayout(orientation='vertical', padding=10, spacing=10)
        
        # 添加標(biāo)簽
        label = Label(text="歡迎使用Kivy跨平臺應(yīng)用！", font_size=24)
        layout.add_widget(label)
        
        # 添加按鈕
        button = Button(text="點(diǎn)擊我", size_hint=(None, None), size=(200, 50), pos_hint={'center_x': 0.5})
        button.bind(on_press=self.on_button_press)
        layout.add_widget(button)
        
        return layout
    
    def on_button_press(self, instance):
        print("按鈕被點(diǎn)擊了！")

???????if __name__ == "__main__":
    MyApp().run()

# main.py
from kivy.app import App
from kivy.uix.boxlayout import BoxLayout

class MyLayout(BoxLayout):
    def on_button_press(self):
        print("按鈕被點(diǎn)擊了！")

???????class MyApp(App):
    def build(self):
        return MyLayout()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    MyApp().run()

MyLayout:
    orientation: 'vertical'
    padding: 10
    spacing: 10
    
    Label:
        text: '歡迎使用Kivy跨平臺應(yīng)用！'
        font_size: 24
    
    Button:
        text: '點(diǎn)擊我'
        size_hint: None, None
        size: 200, 50
        pos_hint: {'center_x': 0.5}
        on_press: root.on_button_press()

# buildozer.spec 文件示例
[app]
title = My Kivy App
package.name = myapp
package.domain = org.example
source.dir = .
source.include_exts = py,png,jpg,kv,atlas
version = 0.1
requirements = python3,kivy
orientation = portrait
osx.python_version = 3
osx.kivy_version = 1.9.1
fullscreen = 0

???????[buildozer]
log_level = 2

# 構(gòu)建Android APK
buildozer android debug

# 構(gòu)建iOS應(yīng)用(需要macOS環(huán)境)
buildozer ios debug

from kivy.uix.widget import Widget
from kivy.properties import NumericProperty, ReferenceListProperty
from kivy.vector import Vector
from kivy.clock import Clock

class Ball(Widget):
    velocity_x = NumericProperty(0)
    velocity_y = NumericProperty(0)
    velocity = ReferenceListProperty(velocity_x, velocity_y)
    
    def move(self):
        self.pos = Vector(*self.velocity) + self.pos

???????class Game(Widget):
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        super(Game, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.ball = Ball()
        self.add_widget(self.ball)
        self.ball.velocity = Vector(4, 0).rotate(randint(0, 360))
        Clock.schedule_interval(self.update, 1.0/60.0)
    
    def update(self, dt):
        self.ball.move()

from kivy.animation import Animation

# 創(chuàng)建動畫
anim = Animation(x=100, y=100, duration=1) + Animation(size=(200, 200), duration=0.5)
anim.start(widget)

# 安裝wxPython
pip install wxPython

import wx

class MyFrame(wx.Frame):
    def __init__(self, parent, title):
        super(MyFrame, self).__init__(parent, title=title, size=(400, 300))
        
        # 創(chuàng)建面板
        panel = wx.Panel(self)
        
        # 創(chuàng)建垂直盒子布局
        vbox = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)
        
        # 添加文本標(biāo)簽
        st = wx.StaticText(panel, label="歡迎使用wxPython跨平臺應(yīng)用！")
        font = st.GetFont()
        font.PointSize += 4
        font.Weight = wx.FONTWEIGHT_BOLD
        st.SetFont(font)
        vbox.Add(st, flag=wx.ALL | wx.ALIGN_CENTER, border=20)
        
        # 添加按鈕
        btn = wx.Button(panel, label="點(diǎn)擊我")
        btn.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.on_button_click)
        vbox.Add(btn, flag=wx.ALL | wx.ALIGN_CENTER, border=10)
        
        panel.SetSizer(vbox)
        self.Centre()
        self.Show(True)
    
    def on_button_click(self, event):
        wx.MessageBox("按鈕被點(diǎn)擊了！", "消息", wx.OK | wx.ICON_INFORMATION)

???????if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = wx.App()
    frame = MyFrame(None, "我的wxPython應(yīng)用")
    app.MainLoop()

import wx
import wx.grid

class AdvancedFrame(wx.Frame):
    def __init__(self, parent, title):
        super(AdvancedFrame, self).__init__(parent, title=title, size=(600, 400))
        
        # 創(chuàng)建筆記本控件
        notebook = wx.Notebook(self)
        
        # 創(chuàng)建面板
        panel1 = wx.Panel(notebook)
        panel2 = wx.Panel(notebook)
        
        # 在筆記本中添加頁面
        notebook.AddPage(panel1, "表格頁")
        notebook.AddPage(panel2, "控件頁")
        
        # 在第一個(gè)面板上創(chuàng)建表格
        grid = wx.grid.Grid(panel1)
        grid.CreateGrid(10, 5)
        
        # 設(shè)置列標(biāo)簽
        for col in range(5):
            grid.SetColLabelValue(col, f"列 {col+1}")
        
        # 填充一些數(shù)據(jù)
        for row in range(10):
            for col in range(5):
                grid.SetCellValue(row, col, f"單元格 {row+1},{col+1}")
        
        # 布局第一個(gè)面板
        sizer1 = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)
        sizer1.Add(grid, 1, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL, 5)
        panel1.SetSizer(sizer1)
        
        # 在第二個(gè)面板上創(chuàng)建各種控件
        sizer2 = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)
        
        # 添加樹控件
        tree = wx.TreeCtrl(panel2, style=wx.TR_DEFAULT_STYLE | wx.TR_HAS_BUTTONS)
        root = tree.AddRoot("根節(jié)點(diǎn)")
        child1 = tree.AppendItem(root, "子節(jié)點(diǎn) 1")
        child2 = tree.AppendItem(root, "子節(jié)點(diǎn) 2")
        tree.AppendItem(child1, "子節(jié)點(diǎn) 1.1")
        tree.AppendItem(child1, "子節(jié)點(diǎn) 1.2")
        tree.Expand(root)
        tree.Expand(child1)
        
        sizer2.Add(tree, 1, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL, 5)
        panel2.SetSizer(sizer2)
        
        self.Centre()
        self.Show(True)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = wx.App()
    frame = AdvancedFrame(None, "高級wxPython應(yīng)用")
    app.MainLoop()

# 使用wxGlade生成的代碼示例
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

import wx

class MyFrame(wx.Frame):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
        # 生成的代碼開始
        kwds["style"] = kwds.get("style", 0) | wx.DEFAULT_FRAME_STYLE
        wx.Frame.__init__(self, *args, **kwds)
        self.SetSize((400, 300))
        self.SetTitle("由wxGlade生成的應(yīng)用")
        
        self.panel_1 = wx.Panel(self, wx.ID_ANY)
        
        sizer_1 = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)
        
        label_1 = wx.StaticText(self.panel_1, wx.ID_ANY, "使用wxGlade生成的界面")
        label_1.SetFont(wx.Font(14, wx.FONTFAMILY_DEFAULT, wx.FONTSTYLE_NORMAL, wx.FONTWEIGHT_BOLD, 0, ""))
        sizer_1.Add(label_1, 0, wx.ALIGN_CENTER | wx.ALL, 10)
        
        self.button_1 = wx.Button(self.panel_1, wx.ID_ANY, "點(diǎn)擊我")
        sizer_1.Add(self.button_1, 0, wx.ALIGN_CENTER | wx.ALL, 10)
        
        self.panel_1.SetSizer(sizer_1)
        
        self.Layout()
        self.Centre()
        
        self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.on_button_click, self.button_1)
    
    def on_button_click(self, event):
        wx.MessageBox("按鈕被點(diǎn)擊了！", "消息", wx.OK | wx.ICON_INFORMATION)

class MyApp(wx.App):
    def OnInit(self):
        self.frame = MyFrame(None, wx.ID_ANY, "")
        self.SetTopWindow(self.frame)
        self.frame.Show()
        return True

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = MyApp(0)
    app.MainLoop()

# 安裝DearPyGui
pip install dearpygui

import dearpygui.dearpygui as dpg

# 創(chuàng)建上下文
dpg.create_context()

# 創(chuàng)建主窗口
dpg.create_viewport(title="DearPyGui示例應(yīng)用", width=600, height=400)

# 設(shè)置主窗口為當(dāng)前的渲染對象
dpg.setup_dearpygui()

# 創(chuàng)建主窗口
with dpg.window(label="主窗口", width=580, height=380):
    dpg.add_text("歡迎使用DearPyGui跨平臺應(yīng)用！")
    dpg.add_separator()
    
    # 添加按鈕
    def button_callback():
        print("按鈕被點(diǎn)擊了！")
        dpg.set_value("output", "按鈕被點(diǎn)擊了！")
    
    dpg.add_button(label="點(diǎn)擊我", callback=button_callback)
    dpg.add_separator()
    
    # 添加輸出文本
    dpg.add_text("輸出：")
    dpg.add_text("", tag="output")

# 顯示視口
dpg.show_viewport()

# 啟動主循環(huán)
dpg.start_dearpygui()

# 清理上下文
dpg.destroy_context()

import dearpygui.dearpygui as dpg
import math
import numpy as np

dpg.create_context()
dpg.create_viewport(title="DearPyGui數(shù)據(jù)可視化", width=800, height=600)
dpg.setup_dearpygui()

# 生成數(shù)據(jù)
x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)
y1 = np.sin(x)
y2 = np.cos(x)

with dpg.window(label="數(shù)據(jù)可視化示例", width=780, height=580):
    # 創(chuàng)建圖表
    with dpg.plot(label="正弦和余弦函數(shù)", height=400, width=750):
        # 添加坐標(biāo)軸
        dpg.add_plot_legend()
        dpg.add_plot_axis(dpg.mvXAxis, label="X軸")
        
        # 添加Y軸
        with dpg.plot_axis(dpg.mvYAxis, label="Y軸"):
            # 添加正弦曲線
            dpg.add_line_series(x.tolist(), y1.tolist(), label="sin(x)")
            # 添加余弦曲線
            dpg.add_line_series(x.tolist(), y2.tolist(), label="cos(x)")
    
    dpg.add_separator()
    
    # 添加交互控件
    dpg.add_text("調(diào)整參數(shù)：")
    
    def update_plot(sender, app_data):
        # 獲取當(dāng)前參數(shù)值
        freq = dpg.get_value("freq_slider")
        amplitude = dpg.get_value("amp_slider")
        
        # 重新計(jì)算數(shù)據(jù)
        new_y1 = amplitude * np.sin(freq * x)
        new_y2 = amplitude * np.cos(freq * x)
        
        # 更新圖表數(shù)據(jù)
        dpg.set_value("sin_series", [x.tolist(), new_y1.tolist()])
        dpg.set_value("cos_series", [x.tolist(), new_y2.tolist()])
    
    # 添加頻率滑塊
    dpg.add_slider_float(label="頻率", default_value=1.0, min_value=0.1, max_value=5.0, 
                         callback=update_plot, tag="freq_slider")
    
    # 添加振幅滑塊
    dpg.add_slider_float(label="振幅", default_value=1.0, min_value=0.1, max_value=2.0, 
                         callback=update_plot, tag="amp_slider")

dpg.show_viewport()
dpg.start_dearpygui()
dpg.destroy_context()

import dearpygui.dearpygui as dpg

dpg.create_context()
dpg.create_viewport(title="DearPyGui主題示例", width=600, height=400)
dpg.setup_dearpygui()

# 創(chuàng)建主題
with dpg.theme() as global_theme:
    with dpg.theme_component(dpg.mvAll):
        # 設(shè)置文本顏色
        dpg.add_theme_color(dpg.mvThemeCol_Text, [255, 255, 0])
        # 設(shè)置窗口背景色
        dpg.add_theme_color(dpg.mvThemeCol_WindowBg, [50, 50, 50])
        # 設(shè)置按鈕顏色
        dpg.add_theme_color(dpg.mvThemeCol_Button, [100, 100, 150])
        dpg.add_theme_color(dpg.mvThemeCol_ButtonHovered, [150, 150, 200])
        # 設(shè)置圓角
        dpg.add_theme_style(dpg.mvStyleVar_FrameRounding, 5.0)
        dpg.add_theme_style(dpg.mvStyleVar_WindowRounding, 5.0)

# 應(yīng)用主題
dpg.bind_theme(global_theme)

# 創(chuàng)建窗口
with dpg.window(label="自定義主題示例", width=580, height=380):
    dpg.add_text("這是一個(gè)自定義主題的DearPyGui應(yīng)用")
    dpg.add_separator()
    
    # 添加按鈕
    dpg.add_button(label="按鈕1", width=120, height=30)
    dpg.add_button(label="按鈕2", width=120, height=30)
    
    # 為特定控件創(chuàng)建不同的主題
    with dpg.theme() as button_theme:
        with dpg.theme_component(dpg.mvButton):
            dpg.add_theme_color(dpg.mvThemeCol_Button, [200, 50, 50])
            dpg.add_theme_color(dpg.mvThemeCol_ButtonHovered, [250, 100, 100])
    
    # 創(chuàng)建一個(gè)使用特定主題的按鈕
    button = dpg.add_button(label="特殊按鈕", width=120, height=30)
    dpg.bind_item_theme(button, button_theme)

dpg.show_viewport()
dpg.start_dearpygui()
dpg.destroy_context()

# 安裝PyInstaller
pip install pyinstaller

# 基本打包命令
pyinstaller main.py

# 打包為單個(gè)文件
pyinstaller --onefile main.py

# 指定圖標(biāo)
pyinstaller --onefile --icon=app_icon.ico main.py

# 不顯示控制臺窗口
pyinstaller --onefile --windowed main.py

# example.spec
block_cipher = None

a = Analysis(['main.py'],
             pathex=['D:\\MyProject'],
             binaries=[],
             datas=[('resources', 'resources')],  # 包含額外文件
             hiddenimports=['numpy.random'],  # 隱藏導(dǎo)入
             hookspath=[],
             runtime_hooks=[],
             excludes=[],
             win_no_prefer_redirects=False,
             win_private_assemblies=False,
             cipher=block_cipher,
             noarchive=False)

pyz = PYZ(a.pure, a.zipped_data,
          cipher=block_cipher)

exe = EXE(pyz,
          a.scripts,
          a.binaries,
          a.zipfiles,
          a.datas,
          [],
          name='MyApp',
          debug=False,
          bootloader_ignore_signals=False,
          strip=False,
          upx=True,
          upx_exclude=[],
          runtime_tmpdir=None,
          console=False,
          icon='app_icon.ico')

# 使用.spec文件打包
pyinstaller example.spec

# 安裝cx_Freeze
pip install cx_Freeze

# setup.py
import sys
from cx_Freeze import setup, Executable

build_exe_options = {
    "packages": ["os", "numpy"],
    "excludes": ["tkinter"],
    "include_files": [("resources/", "resources/")]
}

base = None
if sys.platform == "win32":
    base = "Win32GUI"  # 對于Windows GUI應(yīng)用

setup(
    name="MyApp",
    version="0.1",
    description="My GUI Application",
    options={"build_exe": build_exe_options},
    executables=[Executable("main.py", base=base, icon="app_icon.ico")]
)

# 執(zhí)行打包
python setup.py build

# 創(chuàng)建安裝程序
python setup.py bdist_msi  # Windows
python setup.py bdist_dmg  # macOS
python setup.py bdist_rpm  # Linux

# 安裝Nuitka
pip install nuitka

# 基本編譯
python -m nuitka --follow-imports main.py

# 獨(dú)立編譯（包含所有依賴）
python -m nuitka --standalone --follow-imports main.py

# 為Windows創(chuàng)建無控制臺窗口的應(yīng)用
python -m nuitka --standalone --windows-disable-console --follow-imports main.py

# 安裝Auto-Py-To-Exe
pip install auto-py-to-exe

# 啟動圖形界面
auto-py-to-exe

# .github/workflows/build.yml
name: Build

on:
  push:
    tags:
      - 'v*'

jobs:
  build-windows:
    runs-on: windows-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
      - name: Set up Python
        uses: actions/setup-python@v2
        with:
          python-version: '3.9'
      - name: Install dependencies
        run: |
          python -m pip install --upgrade pip
          pip install pyinstaller
          pip install -r requirements.txt
      - name: Build with PyInstaller
        run: pyinstaller --onefile --windowed --icon=app_icon.ico main.py
      - name: Upload artifacts
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
        with:
          name: windows-build
          path: dist/

  build-macos:
    runs-on: macos-latest
    # 類似的步驟...

  build-linux:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    # 類似的步驟...

# requirements.txt
PyQt5==5.15.6
pyqt5-tools==5.15.4.3.2

# main.py
import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication
from file_manager import FileManagerApp

def main():
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    window = FileManagerApp()
    window.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

# file_manager.py
import os
import shutil
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import (QMainWindow, QWidget, QVBoxLayout, QHBoxLayout, 
                             QListWidget, QListWidgetItem, QPushButton, QFileDialog, 
                             QInputDialog, QMessageBox, QLabel, QMenu, QAction, QToolBar)
from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt, QSize
from PyQt5.QtGui import QIcon
from file_operations import get_file_size, get_file_type, copy_file, move_file, delete_file

???????class FileManagerApp(QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.init_ui()
        self.current_path = os.path.expanduser("~")  # 起始為用戶主目錄
        self.update_file_list()
        
    def init_ui(self):
        # 設(shè)置窗口屬性
        self.setWindowTitle("跨平臺文件管理器")
        self.setGeometry(100, 100, 800, 600)
        
        # 創(chuàng)建中心部件
        central_widget = QWidget()
        self.setCentralWidget(central_widget)
        main_layout = QVBoxLayout(central_widget)
        
        # 創(chuàng)建工具欄
        toolbar = QToolBar("Main Toolbar")
        self.addToolBar(toolbar)
        
        # 添加導(dǎo)航按鈕
        back_action = QAction(QIcon("resources/icons/back.png"), "返回", self)
        back_action.triggered.connect(self.navigate_back)
        toolbar.addAction(back_action)
        
        up_action = QAction(QIcon("resources/icons/up.png"), "上級目錄", self)
        up_action.triggered.connect(self.navigate_up)
        toolbar.addAction(up_action)
        
        home_action = QAction(QIcon("resources/icons/home.png"), "主目錄", self)
        home_action.triggered.connect(self.navigate_home)
        toolbar.addAction(home_action)
        
        # 添加當(dāng)前路徑顯示
        self.path_label = QLabel()
        main_layout.addWidget(self.path_label)
        
        # 添加文件列表
        self.file_list = QListWidget()
        self.file_list.setIconSize(QSize(24, 24))
        self.file_list.itemDoubleClicked.connect(self.on_item_double_clicked)
        self.file_list.setContextMenuPolicy(Qt.CustomContextMenu)
        self.file_list.customContextMenuRequested.connect(self.show_context_menu)
        main_layout.addWidget(self.file_list)
        
        # 添加底部按鈕
        button_layout = QHBoxLayout()
        
        self.new_folder_btn = QPushButton("新建文件夾")
        self.new_folder_btn.clicked.connect(self.create_new_folder)
        button_layout.addWidget(self.new_folder_btn)
        
        self.refresh_btn = QPushButton("刷新")
        self.refresh_btn.clicked.connect(self.update_file_list)
        button_layout.addWidget(self.refresh_btn)
        
        main_layout.addLayout(button_layout)
        
        # 歷史記錄
        self.history = []
        self.history_position = -1
    
    def update_file_list(self):
        self.file_list.clear()
        self.path_label.setText(self.current_path)
        
        try:
            # 添加目錄
            for item in sorted([d for d in os.listdir(self.current_path) 
                                if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(self.current_path, d))]):
                list_item = QListWidgetItem(QIcon("resources/icons/folder.png"), item)
                list_item.setData(Qt.UserRole, "dir")
                self.file_list.addItem(list_item)
            
            # 添加文件
            for item in sorted([f for f in os.listdir(self.current_path) 
                                if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(self.current_path, f))]):
                file_path = os.path.join(self.current_path, item)
                file_type = get_file_type(file_path)
                file_size = get_file_size(file_path)
                
                # 選擇適當(dāng)?shù)膱D標(biāo)
                icon_name = "file.png"
                if file_type == "image":
                    icon_name = "image.png"
                elif file_type == "text":
                    icon_name = "text.png"
                
                list_item = QListWidgetItem(QIcon(f"resources/icons/{icon_name}"), 
                                          f"{item} ({file_size})")
                list_item.setData(Qt.UserRole, "file")
                self.file_list.addItem(list_item)
        
        except PermissionError:
            QMessageBox.warning(self, "權(quán)限錯誤", "沒有權(quán)限訪問此目錄")
            self.navigate_back()
        except Exception as e:
            QMessageBox.critical(self, "錯誤", f"加載目錄時(shí)出錯: {str(e)}")
    
    def on_item_double_clicked(self, item):
        item_name = item.text().split(" (")[0]  # 去除文件大小信息
        item_type = item.data(Qt.UserRole)
        
        if item_type == "dir":
            # 添加當(dāng)前路徑到歷史記錄
            self.add_to_history(self.current_path)
            
            # 導(dǎo)航到新目錄
            self.current_path = os.path.join(self.current_path, item_name)
            self.update_file_list()
        else:
            # 打開文件
            file_path = os.path.join(self.current_path, item_name)
            try:
                os.startfile(file_path)  # Windows
            except AttributeError:
                import subprocess
                # macOS或Linux
                if sys.platform == "darwin":
                    subprocess.call(["open", file_path])
                else:  # Linux
                    subprocess.call(["xdg-open", file_path])
    
    def show_context_menu(self, position):
        item = self.file_list.currentItem()
        if not item:
            return
            
        context_menu = QMenu()
        
        # 添加上下文菜單項(xiàng)
        copy_action = context_menu.addAction("復(fù)制")
        move_action = context_menu.addAction("移動")
        rename_action = context_menu.addAction("重命名")
        delete_action = context_menu.addAction("刪除")
        
        # 顯示菜單并獲取用戶選擇
        action = context_menu.exec_(self.file_list.mapToGlobal(position))
        
        item_name = item.text().split(" (")[0]
        item_path = os.path.join(self.current_path, item_name)
        
        if action == copy_action:
            target_dir = QFileDialog.getExistingDirectory(self, "選擇目標(biāo)目錄", "")
            if target_dir:
                try:
                    copy_file(item_path, target_dir)
                    QMessageBox.information(self, "成功", f"文件已復(fù)制到 {target_dir}")
                except Exception as e:
                    QMessageBox.critical(self, "錯誤", f"復(fù)制文件失敗: {str(e)}")
        
        elif action == move_action:
            target_dir = QFileDialog.getExistingDirectory(self, "選擇目標(biāo)目錄", "")
            if target_dir:
                try:
                    move_file(item_path, target_dir)
                    QMessageBox.information(self, "成功", f"文件已移動到 {target_dir}")
                    self.update_file_list()
                except Exception as e:
                    QMessageBox.critical(self, "錯誤", f"移動文件失敗: {str(e)}")
        
        elif action == rename_action:
            new_name, ok = QInputDialog.getText(self, "重命名", "輸入新名稱:", text=item_name)
            if ok and new_name:
                new_path = os.path.join(self.current_path, new_name)
                try:
                    os.rename(item_path, new_path)
                    self.update_file_list()
                except Exception as e:
                    QMessageBox.critical(self, "錯誤", f"重命名失敗: {str(e)}")
        
        elif action == delete_action:
            reply = QMessageBox.question(self, "確認(rèn)刪除", 
                                       f"您確定要刪除 {item_name} 嗎?",
                                       QMessageBox.Yes | QMessageBox.No)
            if reply == QMessageBox.Yes:
                try:
                    delete_file(item_path)
                    self.update_file_list()
                except Exception as e:
                    QMessageBox.critical(self, "錯誤", f"刪除失敗: {str(e)}")
    
    def create_new_folder(self):
        folder_name, ok = QInputDialog.getText(self, "新建文件夾", "輸入文件夾名稱:")
        if ok and folder_name:
            new_folder_path = os.path.join(self.current_path, folder_name)
            try:
                os.makedirs(new_folder_path, exist_ok=True)
                self.update_file_list()
            except Exception as e:
                QMessageBox.critical(self, "錯誤", f"創(chuàng)建文件夾失敗: {str(e)}")
    
    def navigate_back(self):
        if self.history_position > 0:
            self.history_position -= 1
            self.current_path = self.history[self.history_position]
            self.update_file_list()
    
    def navigate_up(self):
        parent_dir = os.path.dirname(self.current_path)
        if parent_dir != self.current_path:  # 確保不是根目錄
            self.add_to_history(self.current_path)
            self.current_path = parent_dir
            self.update_file_list()
    
    def navigate_home(self):
        self.add_to_history(self.current_path)
        self.current_path = os.path.expanduser("~")
        self.update_file_list()
    
    def add_to_history(self, path):
        # 如果當(dāng)前不在歷史記錄的最后，則清除后面的歷史
        if self.history_position < len(self.history) - 1:
            self.history = self.history[:self.history_position + 1]
        
        self.history.append(path)
        self.history_position = len(self.history) - 1

# file_operations.py
import os
import shutil
import platform

def get_file_size(file_path):
    """獲取文件大小并格式化"""
    try:
        size_bytes = os.path.getsize(file_path)
        
        # 格式化文件大小
        for unit in ['B', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB']:
            if size_bytes < 1024.0 or unit == 'TB':
                break
            size_bytes /= 1024.0
        
        return f"{size_bytes:.2f} {unit}"
    except Exception:
        return "Unknown size"

def get_file_type(file_path):
    """基于文件擴(kuò)展名確定文件類型"""
    _, ext = os.path.splitext(file_path.lower())
    
    # 圖像文件
    if ext in [".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".gif", ".bmp", ".tiff", ".webp"]:
        return "image"
    
    # 文本文件
    if ext in [".txt", ".md", ".py", ".java", ".c", ".cpp", ".h", ".html", ".css", ".js", ".json", ".xml"]:
        return "text"
    
    # 音頻文件
    if ext in [".mp3", ".wav", ".ogg", ".flac", ".aac"]:
        return "audio"
    
    # 視頻文件
    if ext in [".mp4", ".avi", ".mov", ".mkv", ".wmv", ".flv"]:
        return "video"
    
    # 文檔文件
    if ext in [".pdf", ".doc", ".docx", ".xls", ".xlsx", ".ppt", ".pptx"]:
        return "document"
    
    # 其他類型
    return "other"

def copy_file(source_path, target_dir):
    """復(fù)制文件或目錄到目標(biāo)目錄"""
    file_name = os.path.basename(source_path)
    target_path = os.path.join(target_dir, file_name)
    
    # 如果目標(biāo)已存在，添加數(shù)字后綴
    if os.path.exists(target_path):
        base, ext = os.path.splitext(file_name)
        i = 1
        while os.path.exists(os.path.join(target_dir, f"{base}_{i}{ext}")):
            i += 1
        target_path = os.path.join(target_dir, f"{base}_{i}{ext}")
    
    if os.path.isdir(source_path):
        shutil.copytree(source_path, target_path)
    else:
        shutil.copy2(source_path, target_path)
    
    return target_path

def move_file(source_path, target_dir):
    """移動文件或目錄到目標(biāo)目錄"""
    file_name = os.path.basename(source_path)
    target_path = os.path.join(target_dir, file_name)
    
    # 如果目標(biāo)已存在，添加數(shù)字后綴
    if os.path.exists(target_path):
        base, ext = os.path.splitext(file_name)
        i = 1
        while os.path.exists(os.path.join(target_dir, f"{base}_{i}{ext}")):
            i += 1
        target_path = os.path.join(target_dir, f"{base}_{i}{ext}")
    
    shutil.move(source_path, target_path)
    return target_path

def delete_file(file_path):
    """刪除文件或目錄"""
    if os.path.isdir(file_path):
        shutil.rmtree(file_path)
    else:
        os.remove(file_path)

# 使用QThread進(jìn)行異步處理
from PyQt5.QtCore import QThread, pyqtSignal

class WorkerThread(QThread):
    result_ready = pyqtSignal(object)
    error_occurred = pyqtSignal(str)
    
    def __init__(self, function, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__()
        self.function = function
        self.args = args
        self.kwargs = kwargs
    
    def run(self):
        try:
            result = self.function(*self.args, **self.kwargs)
            self.result_ready.emit(result)
        except Exception as e:
            self.error_occurred.emit(str(e))

# 使用示例
def some_long_operation():
    # 耗時(shí)操作
    pass

???????self.thread = WorkerThread(some_long_operation)
self.thread.result_ready.connect(self.handle_result)
self.thread.error_occurred.connect(self.handle_error)
self.thread.start()

class ResourceCache:
    def __init__(self):
        self.cache = {}
    
    def get_icon(self, path):
        if path not in self.cache:
            self.cache[path] = QIcon(path)
        return self.cache[path]

# 使用緩存
self.cache = ResourceCache()
icon = self.cache.get_icon("path/to/icon.png")

# 錯誤方式
path = "resources\\icons\\file.png"  # Windows特定

# 正確方式
path = os.path.join("resources", "icons", "file.png")

import sys
import platform

def open_file(file_path):
    if sys.platform == "win32":
        os.startfile(file_path)  # Windows特有
    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
        import subprocess
        subprocess.call(["open", file_path])  # macOS
    else:  # Linux及其他
        import subprocess
        subprocess.call(["xdg-open", file_path])

# 獲取屏幕尺寸并調(diào)整窗口大小
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QDesktopWidget

def center_window(window):
    screen = QDesktopWidget().screenGeometry()
    size = window.geometry()
    x = (screen.width() - size.width()) // 2
    y = (screen.height() - size.height()) // 2
    window.move(x, y)

# 啟用高DPI縮放
QApplication.setAttribute(Qt.AA_EnableHighDpiScaling, True)
QApplication.setAttribute(Qt.AA_UseHighDpiPixmaps, True)