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深入解析Python編程中super關(guān)鍵字的用法

 更新時(shí)間:2016年06月24日 14:58:32   作者:j_hao104  
Python的子類調(diào)用父類成員時(shí)可以用到super關(guān)鍵字,初始化時(shí)需要注意super()和__init__()的區(qū)別,下面我們就來(lái)深入解析Python編程中super關(guān)鍵字的用法:

官方文檔中關(guān)于super的定義說(shuō)的不是很多,大致意思是返回一個(gè)代理對(duì)象讓你能夠調(diào)用一些繼承過(guò)來(lái)的方法,查找的機(jī)制遵循mro規(guī)則,最常用的情況如下面這個(gè)例子所示:

class C(B):
  def method(self, arg):
    super(C, self).method(arg)

子類C重寫了父類B中同名方法method,在重寫的實(shí)現(xiàn)中通過(guò)super實(shí)例化的代理對(duì)象調(diào)用父類的同名方法。

super類的初始方法簽名如下:

def __init__(self, type1, type2=None): # known special case of super.__init__
    """
    super(type, obj) -> bound super object; requires isinstance(obj, type)
    super(type) -> unbound super object
    super(type, type2) -> bound super object; requires issubclass(type2, type)
    Typical use to call a cooperative superclass method:

除去self外接受一個(gè)或者或者兩個(gè)參數(shù),如同注釋聲明的一樣,接受兩個(gè)參數(shù)時(shí)返回的是綁定的super實(shí)例,省略第二個(gè)參數(shù)的時(shí)候返回的是未綁定的super對(duì)象。

一般情況下當(dāng)調(diào)用繼承的類方法或者靜態(tài)方法時(shí),并不需要綁定具體的實(shí)例,這個(gè)時(shí)候使用super(type, type2).some_method就能達(dá)到目的,當(dāng)然super(type, obj)在這種情況下也能夠使用,super對(duì)象有自定義實(shí)現(xiàn)的getattribute方法也能夠處理。不過(guò),后者一般用來(lái)調(diào)用實(shí)例方法,這樣在查找方法的時(shí)候能夠傳入相應(yīng)的實(shí)例,從而得到綁定的實(shí)例方法:

class A(object):
  def __init__(self):
    pass

  @classmethod
  def klass_meth(cls):
    pass

  @staticmethod
  def static_meth():
    pass

  def test(self):
    pass

class B(A):
  pass

>>> b = B()
>>> super(B, b).test
<bound method B.test of <__main__.B object at 0x02DA3570>>
>>> super(B, b).klass_meth
<bound method type.klass_meth of <class '__main__.B'>>
>>> super(B, b).static_meth
<function static_meth at 0x02D9CC70>
>>> super(B, B).test
<unbound method B.test>
>>> super(B, B).klass_meth
<bound method type.klass_meth of <class '__main__.B'>>
>>> super(B,B).satic_meth
>>> super(B,B).static_meth
<function static_meth at 0x02D9CC70>

初始化super對(duì)象的時(shí)候,傳遞的第二個(gè)參數(shù)其實(shí)是綁定的對(duì)象,第一個(gè)參感覺(jué)數(shù)可以粗暴地理解為標(biāo)記查找的起點(diǎn),比如上面例子中的情況:super(B, b).test就會(huì)在B.__mro__里面列出的除B本身的類中查找方法test,因?yàn)榉椒ǘ际欠菙?shù)據(jù)描述符,在super對(duì)象的自定義getattribute里面實(shí)際上會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)化成A.__dict['test'].__get__(b, B)。

super在很多地方都會(huì)用到,除了讓程序不必hardcode指定類型讓代碼更加動(dòng)態(tài),還有其他一些具體必用的地方比如元類中使用super查找baseclass里面的new生成自定義的類型模板;在自定義getattribute的時(shí)候用來(lái)防止無(wú)限循環(huán)等等。

關(guān)于super建議讀者將它與python的描述符一起來(lái)理解,因?yàn)閟uper就實(shí)現(xiàn)了描述符的協(xié)議,是一個(gè)非數(shù)據(jù)描述符,能夠幫助大家更好的理解super的使用和工作原理。

同時(shí),有以下4個(gè)點(diǎn)值得大家注意:
1、單繼承時(shí)super()和__init__()實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能是類似的

class Base(object):
  def __init__(self):
    print 'Base create'

class childA(Base):
  def __init__(self):
    print 'creat A ',
    Base.__init__(self)


class childB(Base):
  def __init__(self):
    print 'creat B ',
    super(childB, self).__init__()

base = Base()

a = childA()
b = childB()

輸出結(jié)果:

Base create
creat A Base create
creat B Base create


使用super()繼承時(shí)不用顯式引用基類。

2、super()只能用于新式類中

把基類改為舊式類,即不繼承任何基類

class Base():
  def __init__(self):
    print 'Base create'

執(zhí)行時(shí),在初始化b時(shí)就會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò):

  super(childB, self).__init__()
TypeError: must be type, not classobj

3、super不是父類,而是繼承順序的下一個(gè)類

    在多重繼承時(shí)會(huì)涉及繼承順序,super()相當(dāng)于返回繼承順序的下一個(gè)類,而不是父類,類似于這樣的功能:

def super(class_name, self):
  mro = self.__class__.mro()
  return mro[mro.index(class_name) + 1]

    mro()用來(lái)獲得類的繼承順序。

例如:

class Base(object):
  def __init__(self):
    print 'Base create'

class childA(Base):
  def __init__(self):
    print 'enter A '
    # Base.__init__(self)
    super(childA, self).__init__()
    print 'leave A'


class childB(Base):
  def __init__(self):
    print 'enter B '
    # Base.__init__(self)
    super(childB, self).__init__()
    print 'leave B'

class childC(childA, childB):
  pass

c = childC()
print c.__class__.__mro__

輸入結(jié)果如下:

enter A 
enter B 
Base create
leave B
leave A
(<class '__main__.childC'>, <class '__main__.childA'>, <class '__main__.childB'>, <class '__main__.Base'>, <type 'object'>)

    supder和父類沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián),因此執(zhí)行順序是A —> B—>—>Base

    執(zhí)行過(guò)程相當(dāng)于:初始化childC()時(shí),先會(huì)去調(diào)用childA的構(gòu)造方法中的 super(childA, self).__init__(), super(childA, self)返回當(dāng)前類的繼承順序中childA后的一個(gè)類childB;然后再執(zhí)行childB().__init()__,這樣順序執(zhí)行下去。

    在多重繼承里,如果把childA()中的 super(childA, self).__init__() 換成Base.__init__(self),在執(zhí)行時(shí),繼承childA后就會(huì)直接跳到Base類里,而略過(guò)了childB:

enter A 
Base create
leave A
(<class '__main__.childC'>, <class '__main__.childA'>, <class '__main__.childB'>, <class '__main__.Base'>, <type 'object'>)

 

    從super()方法可以看出,super()的第一個(gè)參數(shù)可以是繼承鏈中任意一個(gè)類的名字,

    如果是本身就會(huì)依次繼承下一個(gè)類;

    如果是繼承鏈里之前的類便會(huì)無(wú)限遞歸下去;

    如果是繼承鏈里之后的類便會(huì)忽略繼承鏈匯總本身和傳入類之間的類;

    比如將childA()中的super改為:super(childC, self).__init__(),程序就會(huì)無(wú)限遞歸下去。

    如:

 File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__
  super(childC, self).__init__()
 File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__
  super(childC, self).__init__()
 File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__
  super(childC, self).__init__()
 File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__
  super(childC, self).__init__()
 File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__
  super(childC, self).__init__()
 File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__
  super(childC, self).__init__()
 File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__
  super(childC, self).__init__()
 File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__
  super(childC, self).__init__()
 File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__
  super(childC, self).__init__()
 File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__
  super(childC, self).__init__()
 File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__
  super(childC, self).__init__()
 File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__
  super(childC, self).__init__()
 File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__
  super(childC, self).__init__()
RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded while calling a Python object

4、super()可以避免重復(fù)調(diào)用

    如果childA基礎(chǔ)Base, childB繼承childA和Base,如果childB需要調(diào)用Base的__init__()方法時(shí),就會(huì)導(dǎo)致__init__()被執(zhí)行兩次:

class Base(object):
  def __init__(self):
    print 'Base create'

class childA(Base):
  def __init__(self):
    print 'enter A '
    Base.__init__(self)
    print 'leave A'


class childB(childA, Base):
  def __init__(self):
    childA.__init__(self)
    Base.__init__(self)

b = childB()
  Base的__init__()方法被執(zhí)行了兩次

enter A 
Base create
leave A
Base create
使用super()是可避免重復(fù)調(diào)用

class Base(object):
  def __init__(self):
    print 'Base create'

class childA(Base):
  def __init__(self):
    print 'enter A '
    super(childA, self).__init__()
    print 'leave A'


class childB(childA, Base):
  def __init__(self):
    super(childB, self).__init__()

b = childB()
print b.__class__.mro()

enter A 
Base create
leave A
[<class '__main__.childB'>, <class '__main__.childA'>, <class '__main__.Base'>, <type 'object'>]

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