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C#多線程編程中的鎖系統(tǒng)(四):自旋鎖

 更新時間:2015年04月10日 09:46:26   投稿:junjie  
這篇文章主要介紹了C#多線程編程中的鎖系統(tǒng)(四):自旋鎖,本文講解了基礎(chǔ)知識、自旋鎖示例、SpinLock等內(nèi)容,需要的朋友可以參考下

目錄
一:基礎(chǔ)

二:自旋鎖示例

三:SpinLock

四:繼續(xù)SpinLock

五:總結(jié)

一:基礎(chǔ)

內(nèi)核鎖:基于內(nèi)核對象構(gòu)造的鎖機制,就是通常說的內(nèi)核構(gòu)造模式。用戶模式構(gòu)造和內(nèi)核模式構(gòu)造

           優(yōu)點:cpu利用最大化。它發(fā)現(xiàn)資源被鎖住,請求就排隊等候。線程切換到別處干活,直到接受到可用信號,線程再切回來繼續(xù)處理請求。

           缺點:托管代碼->用戶模式代碼->內(nèi)核代碼損耗、線程上下文切換損耗。

                   在鎖的時間比較短時,系統(tǒng)頻繁忙于休眠、切換,是個很大的性能損耗。

自旋鎖:原子操作+自循環(huán)。通常說的用戶構(gòu)造模式。  線程不休眠,一直循環(huán)嘗試對資源訪問,直到可用。

           優(yōu)點:完美解決內(nèi)核鎖的缺點。

           缺點:長時間一直循環(huán)會導(dǎo)致cpu的白白浪費,高并發(fā)競爭下、CPU的消耗特別嚴(yán)重。

混合鎖:內(nèi)核鎖+自旋鎖。 混合鎖是先自旋鎖一段時間或自旋多少次,再轉(zhuǎn)成內(nèi)核鎖。

           優(yōu)點:內(nèi)核鎖和自旋鎖的折中方案,利用前二者優(yōu)點,避免出現(xiàn)極端情況(自旋時間過長,內(nèi)核鎖時間過短)。

           缺點: 自旋多少時間、自旋多少次,這些策略很難把控。

           ps:操作系統(tǒng)或net框架,這塊算法策略做的已經(jīng)非常優(yōu)了,有些API函數(shù)也提供了時間及次數(shù)可配置項,讓開發(fā)者根據(jù)需求自行判斷。

 

二:自旋鎖示例

來看下我們自己簡單實現(xiàn)的自旋鎖:

復(fù)制代碼 代碼如下:

int signal = 0;
            var li = new List<int>();
            Parallel.For(0, 1000 * 10000, r =>
            {
                while (Interlocked.Exchange(ref signal, 1) != 0)//加自旋鎖
                {
                    //黑魔法
                }
                li.Add(r);
                Interlocked.Exchange(ref signal, 0);  //釋放鎖
            });
            Console.WriteLine(li.Count);
            //輸出:10000000

上面就是自旋鎖:Interlocked.Exchange+while

1:定義signal  0可用,1不可用。

2:Parallel模擬并發(fā)競爭,原子更改signal狀態(tài)。 后續(xù)線程自旋訪問signal,是否可用。

3:A線程使用完后,更改signal為0。 剩余線程競爭訪問資源,B線程勝利后,更改signal為1,失敗線程繼續(xù)自旋,直到可用。

三:SpinLock

SpinLock是net4.0后系統(tǒng)幫我們實現(xiàn)的自旋鎖,內(nèi)部做了優(yōu)化。

簡單看下實例:
 

復(fù)制代碼 代碼如下:

 var li = new List<int>();
            var sl = new SpinLock();
            Parallel.For(0, 1000 * 10000, r =>
            {
                bool gotLock = false;     //釋放成功
                sl.Enter(ref gotLock);    //進入鎖
                li.Add(r);
                if (gotLock) sl.Exit();  //釋放
            });
            Console.WriteLine(li.Count);
            //輸出:10000000
 

四:繼續(xù)SpinLock

new SpinLock(false)   這個構(gòu)造函數(shù)主要用來幫我們檢查死鎖用,true是開啟。

開啟狀態(tài)下,如果發(fā)生死鎖會直接拋異常的。

貼了一部分源碼(已折疊),我們來看下:

復(fù)制代碼 代碼如下:

public void Enter(ref bool lockTaken)
        {
            if (lockTaken)
            {
                lockTaken = false;
                throw new System.ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("SpinLock_TryReliableEnter_ArgumentException"));
            }

            // Fast path to acquire the lock if the lock is released
            // If the thread tracking enabled set the new owner to the current thread id
            // Id not, set the anonymous bit lock
            int observedOwner = m_owner;
            int newOwner = 0;
            bool threadTrackingEnabled = (m_owner & LOCK_ID_DISABLE_MASK) == 0;
            if (threadTrackingEnabled)
            {
                if (observedOwner == LOCK_UNOWNED)
                    newOwner = Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId;
            }
            else if ((observedOwner & LOCK_ANONYMOUS_OWNED) == LOCK_UNOWNED)
            {
                newOwner = observedOwner | LOCK_ANONYMOUS_OWNED; // set the lock bit
            }
            if (newOwner != 0)
            {
#if !FEATURE_CORECLR
                Thread.BeginCriticalRegion();
#endif

#if PFX_LEGACY_3_5
                if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref m_owner, newOwner, observedOwner) == observedOwner)
                {
                    lockTaken = true;
                    return;
                }
#else
                if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref m_owner, newOwner, observedOwner, ref lockTaken) == observedOwner)
                {
                    // Fast path succeeded
                    return;
                }
#endif
#if !FEATURE_CORECLR
                Thread.EndCriticalRegion();
#endif
            }
            //Fast path failed, try slow path
            ContinueTryEnter(Timeout.Infinite, ref lockTaken);
        }
private void ContinueTryEnter(int millisecondsTimeout, ref bool lockTaken)
        {
            long startTicks = 0;
            if (millisecondsTimeout != Timeout.Infinite && millisecondsTimeout != 0)
            {
                startTicks = DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks;
            }

#if !FEATURE_PAL && !FEATURE_CORECLR   // PAL doesn't support  eventing, and we don't compile CDS providers for Coreclr
            if (CdsSyncEtwBCLProvider.Log.IsEnabled())
            {
                CdsSyncEtwBCLProvider.Log.SpinLock_FastPathFailed(m_owner);
            }
#endif

            if (IsThreadOwnerTrackingEnabled)
            {
                // Slow path for enabled thread tracking mode
                ContinueTryEnterWithThreadTracking(millisecondsTimeout, startTicks, ref lockTaken);
                return;
            }

            // then thread tracking is disabled
            // In this case there are three ways to acquire the lock
            // 1- the first way the thread either tries to get the lock if it's free or updates the waiters, if the turn >= the processors count then go to 3 else go to 2
            // 2- In this step the waiter threads spins and tries to acquire the lock, the number of spin iterations and spin count is dependent on the thread turn
            // the late the thread arrives the more it spins and less frequent it check the lock avilability
            // Also the spins count is increaes each iteration
            // If the spins iterations finished and failed to acquire the lock, go to step 3
            // 3- This is the yielding step, there are two ways of yielding Thread.Yield and Sleep(1)
            // If the timeout is expired in after step 1, we need to decrement the waiters count before returning
 
            int observedOwner;

            //***Step 1, take the lock or update the waiters
 
            // try to acquire the lock directly if possoble or update the waiters count
            SpinWait spinner = new SpinWait();
            while (true)
            {
                observedOwner = m_owner;
                if ((observedOwner & LOCK_ANONYMOUS_OWNED) == LOCK_UNOWNED)
                {
#if !FEATURE_CORECLR
                    Thread.BeginCriticalRegion();
#endif
 
#if PFX_LEGACY_3_5
                    if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref m_owner, observedOwner | 1, observedOwner) == observedOwner)
                    {
                        lockTaken = true;
                        return;
                    }
#else
                    if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref m_owner, observedOwner | 1, observedOwner, ref lockTaken) == observedOwner)
                    {
                        return;
                    }
#endif

#if !FEATURE_CORECLR
                    Thread.EndCriticalRegion();
#endif
                }
                else //failed to acquire the lock,then try to update the waiters. If the waiters count reached the maximum, jsut break the loop to avoid overflow
                    if ((observedOwner & WAITERS_MASK) ==  MAXIMUM_WAITERS || Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref m_owner, observedOwner + 2, observedOwner) == observedOwner)
                        break;
 
                spinner.SpinOnce();
            }

            // Check the timeout.
            if (millisecondsTimeout == 0 ||
                (millisecondsTimeout != Timeout.Infinite &&
                TimeoutExpired(startTicks, millisecondsTimeout)))
            {
                DecrementWaiters();
                return;
            }

            //***Step 2. Spinning
            //lock acquired failed and waiters updated
            int turn = ((observedOwner + 2) & WAITERS_MASK) / 2;
            int processorCount = PlatformHelper.ProcessorCount;
            if (turn < processorCount)
            {
                int processFactor = 1;
                for (int i = 1; i <= turn * SPINNING_FACTOR; i++)
                {
                    Thread.SpinWait((turn + i) * SPINNING_FACTOR * processFactor);
                    if (processFactor < processorCount)
                        processFactor++;
                    observedOwner = m_owner;
                    if ((observedOwner & LOCK_ANONYMOUS_OWNED) == LOCK_UNOWNED)
                    {
#if !FEATURE_CORECLR
                        Thread.BeginCriticalRegion();
#endif
 
                        int newOwner = (observedOwner & WAITERS_MASK) == 0 ? // Gets the number of waiters, if zero
                            observedOwner | 1 // don't decrement it. just set the lock bit, it is zzero because a previous call of Exit(false) ehich corrupted the waiters
                            : (observedOwner - 2) | 1; // otherwise decrement the waiters and set the lock bit
                        Contract.Assert((newOwner & WAITERS_MASK) >= 0);
#if PFX_LEGACY_3_5
                        if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref m_owner, newOwner, observedOwner) == observedOwner)
                        {
                            lockTaken = true;
                            return;
                        }
#else
                        if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref m_owner, newOwner, observedOwner, ref lockTaken) == observedOwner)
                        {
                            return;
                        }
#endif

#if !FEATURE_CORECLR
                        Thread.EndCriticalRegion();
#endif
                    }
                }
            }

            // Check the timeout.
            if (millisecondsTimeout != Timeout.Infinite && TimeoutExpired(startTicks, millisecondsTimeout))
            {
                DecrementWaiters();
                return;
            }

            //*** Step 3, Yielding
            //Sleep(1) every 50 yields
            int yieldsoFar = 0;
            while (true)
            {
                observedOwner = m_owner;
                if ((observedOwner & LOCK_ANONYMOUS_OWNED) == LOCK_UNOWNED)
                {
#if !FEATURE_CORECLR
                    Thread.BeginCriticalRegion();
#endif
                    int newOwner = (observedOwner & WAITERS_MASK) == 0 ? // Gets the number of waiters, if zero
                           observedOwner | 1 // don't decrement it. just set the lock bit, it is zzero because a previous call of Exit(false) ehich corrupted the waiters
                           : (observedOwner - 2) | 1; // otherwise decrement the waiters and set the lock bit
                    Contract.Assert((newOwner & WAITERS_MASK) >= 0);
#if PFX_LEGACY_3_5
                    if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref m_owner, newOwner, observedOwner) == observedOwner)
                    {
                        lockTaken = true;
                        return;
                    }
#else
                    if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref m_owner, newOwner, observedOwner, ref lockTaken) == observedOwner)
                    {
                        return;
                    }
#endif
 
#if !FEATURE_CORECLR
                    Thread.EndCriticalRegion();
#endif
                }

                if (yieldsoFar % SLEEP_ONE_FREQUENCY == 0)
                {
                    Thread.Sleep(1);
                }
                else if (yieldsoFar % SLEEP_ZERO_FREQUENCY == 0)
                {
                    Thread.Sleep(0);
                }
                else
                {
#if PFX_LEGACY_3_5
                    Platform.Yield();
#else
                    Thread.Yield();
#endif
                }
 
                if (yieldsoFar % TIMEOUT_CHECK_FREQUENCY == 0)
                {
                    //Check the timeout.
                    if (millisecondsTimeout != Timeout.Infinite && TimeoutExpired(startTicks, millisecondsTimeout))
                    {
                        DecrementWaiters();
                        return;
                    }
                }

                yieldsoFar++;
            }
        }
 
        /// <summary>
        /// decrements the waiters, in case of the timeout is expired
        /// </summary>
        private void DecrementWaiters()
        {
            SpinWait spinner = new SpinWait();
            while (true)
            {
                int observedOwner = m_owner;
                if ((observedOwner & WAITERS_MASK) == 0) return; // don't decrement the waiters if it's corrupted by previous call of Exit(false)
                if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref m_owner, observedOwner - 2, observedOwner) == observedOwner)
                {
                    Contract.Assert(!IsThreadOwnerTrackingEnabled); // Make sure the waiters never be negative which will cause the thread tracking bit to be flipped
                    break;
                }
                spinner.SpinOnce();
            }
 
        }

從代碼中發(fā)現(xiàn)SpinLock并不是我們簡單的實現(xiàn)那樣一直自旋,其內(nèi)部做了很多優(yōu)化。 

1:內(nèi)部使用了Interlocked.CompareExchange保持原子操作, m_owner 0可用,1不可用。

2:第一次獲得鎖失敗后,繼續(xù)調(diào)用ContinueTryEnter,ContinueTryEnter有三種獲得鎖的情況。

3:ContinueTryEnter函數(shù)第一種獲得鎖的方式。 使用了while+SpinWait,后續(xù)再講。

4:第一種方式達到最大等待者數(shù)量后,命中走第二種。 繼續(xù)自旋 turn * 100次。100這個值是處理器核數(shù)(4, 8 ,16)下最好的。

5:第二種如果還不能獲得鎖,走第三種。   這種就有點混合構(gòu)造的意味了,如下:

復(fù)制代碼 代碼如下:

if (yieldsoFar % 40 == 0)
                    Thread.Sleep(1);
                else if (yieldsoFar % 10 == 0)
                    Thread.Sleep(0);
                else
                    Thread.Yield();

Thread.Sleep(1) : 終止當(dāng)前線程,放棄剩下時間片 休眠1毫秒。 退出跟其他線程搶占cpu。當(dāng)然這個一般會更多,系統(tǒng)無法保證這么細(xì)的時間粒度。

Thread.Sleep(0):  終止當(dāng)前線程,放棄剩下時間片。  但立馬還會跟其他線程搶cpu,能不能搶到跟線程優(yōu)先級有關(guān)。

Thread.Yeild():       結(jié)束當(dāng)前線程。讓出cpu給其他準(zhǔn)備好的線程。其他線程ok后或沒有準(zhǔn)備好的線程,繼續(xù)執(zhí)行。 跟優(yōu)先級無關(guān)。

Thread.Yeild()還會返回個bool值,是否讓出成功。

從源碼中,我們可以學(xué)到不少編程技巧。 比如我們也可以使用  自旋+Thread.Yeild()   或 while+Thread.Yeild() 等組合。


五:總結(jié)

本章談了自旋鎖的基礎(chǔ)+樓主的經(jīng)驗。  SpinLock類源碼這塊,只粗淺理解了下,并沒有深究。

測了下SpinLock和自己實現(xiàn)的自旋鎖性能對比(并行添加1000w List<int>()),SpinLock是單純的自旋鎖性能2倍以上。

還測了下lock的性能,是系統(tǒng)SpinLock性能的3倍以上。  可見lock內(nèi)部自旋的效率更高,CLR暫沒開源,所以看不到CLR具體實現(xiàn)的代碼。

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