internal class Num
{
  public static int odd = 50000;
  public static int even = 10000;   
}

//同步代碼段
public long Sum()
	{
  	Stopwatch sw = new Stopwatch();
    sw.Start();
    int num = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i <= Num.odd; i++)
    {
         num = i; 
         if ((i & 1) == 1)
         {
            Console.WriteLine($"奇數(shù)：{num}");
         }
     }           

    for (int i = 0; i <= Num.even; i++)
    {
        num = i;
        if ((i & 1) == 0)
        {                    
            Thread.Sleep(10);  
            Console.WriteLine($"偶數(shù)：{num}");
        }
    }
  
  	sw.Stop();
    return sw.ElapsedMilliseconds;
}

//NoLock Task 
  private readonly object sync = new();
  int num = 0; 
  public int Sum()
  {
    Stopwatch sw = new Stopwatch();
    sw.Start();
    var ta =Task.Run(() =>
    {               
      for (int i = 0; i <= Num.odd; i++)
      {
        num = i; //判斷條件之前賦值是為了提高觸發(fā)幾率
        if((i & 1) == 1)
        {
        	Console.WriteLine($"奇數(shù)：{num}");
        }                                        
      }
    });

    var tb =  Task.Run(() =>
    {              
    	for (int i = 0; i <= Num.even; i++)
      {
        num = i;
        if ((i & 1) == 0)
        {
        	Thread.Sleep(10);  //在此處添加延時(shí)，在 tb 線程等待時(shí)，num.sum的值可能已經(jīng)被 ta 修改為了其他值
        	Console.WriteLine($"偶數(shù)：{num}");
        }
      }
    });

    Task.WaitAll(ta, tb);  //為了保證任務(wù)完成，獲取執(zhí)行時(shí)間
    sw.Stop();
    return sw.ElapsedMilliseconds;
  }              
}

//方式一：在Task內(nèi)全局Lock
var ta = Task.Run(() =>
  {
    	lock (sync)
    	{	
        for (int i = 0; i <= 10000; i++)
        {                       
          num = i; //判斷條件之前賦值是為了提高觸發(fā)幾率
          if ((i & 1) == 1)
          {
            Console.WriteLine($"奇數(shù)：{num}");
          }                                              
        }
    	}
   });

//方式二: 為每一次For循環(huán)Lock
var ta = Task.Run(() =>
{
  //lock (sync)  
    for (int i = 0; i <= Num.odd; i++)
    {
      lock(sync)
      {
        num = i; //判斷條件之前賦值是為了提高觸發(fā)幾率
        if ((i & 1) == 1)
        {
       	  Console.WriteLine($"奇數(shù)：{num}");
        }
      }    
  }
});

   public class LockFor
   {
       private readonly object sync = new();
       ....
   }

 public class LockForStaticSync
 {
        private static readonly object sync = new();
   			...
 }

private static void Invocation()
{
  Stopwatch sw = new Stopwatch();
  sw.Start();
  var t1 = new TaskFactory().StartNew(() => new LockFor().Sum());
  var t2 = new TaskFactory().StartNew(() => new LockFor().Sum());
  var t3 = new TaskFactory().StartNew(() => new LockFor().Sum());
  Task.WaitAll(t1, t2, t3);
  sw.Stop();
  Console.WriteLine(sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);

  sw.Restart();
  var t4 = new TaskFactory().StartNew(() => new LockForStaticSync().Sum());
  var t5 = new TaskFactory().StartNew(() => new LockForStaticSync().Sum());
  var t6 = new TaskFactory().StartNew(() => new LockForStaticSync().Sum());
  Task.WaitAll(t4, t5, t6);
  sw.Stop();
  Console.WriteLine(sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}

class SemaphoreTest
    {       
        // A semaphore that simulates a limited resource pool.     
        private static Semaphore _pool;

        // 協(xié)助設(shè)置線程休眠時(shí)間.
        private static int _padding;

        public static void Main()
        {
            // 這里是創(chuàng)建了最大可以有三個(gè)訪問(wèn)線程的信號(hào)量，但此時(shí)可用為0，需要當(dāng)前線程釋放以后才可用。
            // 如果此處設(shè)置可用量非0，主線程釋放時(shí)仍然傳遞了3，程序運(yùn)行過(guò)程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)SemaphoreFullException的異常
            _pool = new Semaphore(0, 3);                       
            for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
            {
                Thread t = new Thread(new ParameterizedThreadStart(Worker));                           
                t.Start(i);
            }

            // 主線程休眠，讓其他線程運(yùn)行到等待信號(hào)量的狀態(tài)            
            Thread.Sleep(500);

            //主線程調(diào)用Release(3)，將可用量設(shè)置為最大值，正在等待的線程會(huì)獲得信號(hào)                       
            Console.WriteLine("Main thread calls Release(3)."); 
            _pool.Release(3);

            Console.WriteLine("Main thread exits.");
            Console.ReadLine();
        }

        private static void Worker(object num)
        {
            // 阻塞當(dāng)前線程，直到獲取到信號(hào)量         
            Console.WriteLine("Thread {0} begins " +"and waits for the semaphore.", num);
            _pool.WaitOne(); 

            // 每一個(gè)線程等待的時(shí)間間隔參數(shù)
            int padding = Interlocked.Add(ref _padding, 100);
            Console.WriteLine("Thread {0} enters the semaphore.", num);
            
            //與padding共用，讓輸出更有順序
            Thread.Sleep(1000 + padding);

            Console.WriteLine("Thread {0} releases the semaphore.", num);
            Console.WriteLine("Thread {0} previous semaphore count: {1}",num, _pool.Release());                    }
    }

private static void Worker(object num)
        {            
            Console.WriteLine("Thread {0} begins " +
                "and waits for the semaphore.", num);
            _pool.WaitOne();
            Console.WriteLine($"{num} getOne");
            // A padding interval to make the output more orderly.
            int padding = Interlocked.Add(ref _padding, 100);
            _pool.WaitOne();     //此處添加一處調(diào)用
            Console.WriteLine("Thread {0} enters the semaphore.", num);          
            
            Thread.Sleep(1000 + padding);
						
            Console.WriteLine("Thread {0} releases the semaphore.", num);
            Console.WriteLine("Thread {0} previous semaphore count: {1}",
                num, _pool.Release());
					//這里應(yīng)該再調(diào)用一次_pool.Release()，或者在上一句傳入?yún)?shù)，改為 _pool.Release(2)
        }

private static ManualResetEvent mre = new ManualResetEvent(false);
static void Main()
{           
  for (int i = 0; i <= 2; i++)
  {
    Thread t = new Thread(ThreadProc);
    t.Name = "Thread_" + i;
    t.Start();
  }

  Thread.Sleep(500);
  Console.WriteLine(@"線程012都會(huì)處于等待狀態(tài)，直至 mre修改狀態(tài)，按 Enter繼續(xù)");
  Console.ReadLine();

  mre.Set();

  Thread.Sleep(500);
  Console.WriteLine(@"調(diào)用了mre.set后，事件處于 signaled 狀態(tài)，下一個(gè)線程不會(huì)被阻塞");
  Console.ReadLine();

  for (int i = 3; i <= 4; i++)
  {
    Thread t = new Thread(ThreadProc);
    t.Name = "Thread_" + i;
    t.Start();
  }

  Thread.Sleep(500);
  Console.WriteLine("調(diào)用mre.reset后，事件處于nonsignaled狀態(tài)，此時(shí)會(huì)被阻塞");
  Console.ReadLine();
  mre.Reset();

  Thread t5 = new Thread(ThreadProc);
  t5.Name = "Thread_5";
  t5.Start();

  Thread.Sleep(500);
  Console.WriteLine("\nPress Enter to call Set() and conclude the demo.");
  Console.ReadLine();

  mre.Set();
  Console.ReadLine();
}

private static void ThreadProc()
{
  string name = Thread.CurrentThread.Name;
  Console.WriteLine(name + " starts and calls mre.WaitOne()");
  mre.WaitOne();
  Console.WriteLine(name + " ends.");
}

public static void Barriers()
        {
            int count = 0;
           //初始化 3 個(gè)參與者，傳入委托
            Barrier barrier = new Barrier(3, (b) =>
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Post-Phase action: count={0}, phase={1},threadid={2}", count, b.CurrentPhaseNumber,Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
                if (b.CurrentPhaseNumber == 2)             
                    throw new Exception("D'oh!");
            });

            barrier.AddParticipants(2);

            barrier.RemoveParticipant(); //剩下4個(gè)
            Console.WriteLine($"主Thread:{Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId}");

            // This is the logic run by all participants
            Action action = () =>
            {
                Console.WriteLine($"action1 Thread:{Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId}");
                Interlocked.Increment(ref count);
                barrier.SignalAndWait(); // during the post-phase action, count should be 4 and phase should be 0

                Console.WriteLine($"action2 Thread:{Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId}");
                Interlocked.Increment(ref count);
                barrier.SignalAndWait(); // during the post-phase action, count should be 8 and phase should be 1
                Console.WriteLine($"action3 Thread:{Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId}");

                // 線程3會(huì)引發(fā)委托里拋出的異常，異常信息所有線程可見(jiàn)
                Interlocked.Increment(ref count);
                try
                {
                    barrier.SignalAndWait();
                }
                catch (BarrierPostPhaseException bppe)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Caught BarrierPostPhaseException: {0}", bppe.Message);
                }
                Console.WriteLine($"action4 Thread:{Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId}");

                // The fourth time should be hunky-dory
                Interlocked.Increment(ref count);
                barrier.SignalAndWait(); // during the post-phase action, count should be 16 and phase should be 3
                Console.WriteLine($"action5 Thread:{Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId}");

            };

            // 啟動(dòng)與 Barrier設(shè)置數(shù)量相同的任務(wù)，如果啟動(dòng)數(shù)目超過(guò)設(shè)置值，會(huì)引發(fā)如下異常
  				  //"System.InvalidOperationException: The number of threads using the barrier exceeded the total number of registered participants."             
            Parallel.Invoke(action, action, action, action);
                       
            Console.WriteLine($"主Thread2:{Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId}");

            // It's good form to Dispose() a barrier when you're done with it.
            barrier.Dispose();
        }

 static void Main()
 {
   bool runone;
   //獲取名為 single_test的互斥的初始所有權(quán)，runone指定是否成功
   Mutex run = new Mutex(true, "single_test", out runone);
   if (runone) //true代表當(dāng)前未創(chuàng)建改互斥
   {
     run.ReleaseMutex();
     Application.EnableVisualStyles();
     Application.SetCompatibleTextRenderingDefault(false);
     FrmRemote frm = new FrmRemote();
     int hdc = frm.Handle.ToInt32(); // write to ...
     Application.Run(frm);
     IntPtr a = new IntPtr(hdc);
   }
   else
   {
     MessageBox.Show("已經(jīng)運(yùn)行了一個(gè)實(shí)例了。");              
   }
 }

public class Sample
    {   //先執(zhí)行的線程設(shè)置為 true
        ManualResetEvent even = new ManualResetEvent(true);
        ManualResetEvent odd = new ManualResetEvent(false);        
        
        public void Sum()
        {           
            var ta = Task.Run(() => PrintEven(even, odd));
            var tb = Task.Run(() => PrintOdd (even,odd));                      
        }
				//等待自己的信號(hào)，控制另一個(gè)線程的信號(hào)
        public void PrintEven(EventWaitHandle evenHandle, EventWaitHandle oddHandle)
        {            
            string design =  "偶數(shù)";
            for (int i = 0; i <= 20; i++)
            {               
                evenHandle.WaitOne();
                if ((i & 1) == 0)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"{design}：{i}");
                    evenHandle.Reset();
                    oddHandle.Set();
                }
            }
        }
        public void PrintOdd(EventWaitHandle evenHandle, EventWaitHandle oddHandle)
        {
            string design = "奇數(shù)";
            for (int i = 0; i <= 20; i++)
            {               
                oddHandle.WaitOne();
                if ((i & 1) == 1)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"{design}：{i}");
                    oddHandle.Reset();
                    evenHandle.Set();
                }
            }
        }
    }