python爬蟲開發(fā)之Beautiful Soup模塊從安裝到詳細(xì)使用方法與實例
python爬蟲模塊Beautiful Soup簡介
簡單來說,Beautiful Soup是python的一個庫,最主要的功能是從網(wǎng)頁抓取數(shù)據(jù)。官方解釋如下: Beautiful Soup提供一些簡單的、python式的函數(shù)用來處理導(dǎo)航、搜索、修改分析樹等功能。它是一個工具箱,通過解析文檔為用戶提供需要抓取的數(shù)據(jù),因為簡單,所以不需要多少代碼就可以寫出一個完整的應(yīng)用程序。Beautiful Soup自動將輸入文檔轉(zhuǎn)換為Unicode編碼,輸出文檔轉(zhuǎn)換為utf-8編碼。你不需要考慮編碼方式,除非文檔沒有指定一個編碼方式,這時,Beautiful Soup就不能自動識別編碼方式了。然后,你僅僅需要說明一下原始編碼方式就可以了。Beautiful Soup已成為和lxml、html6lib一樣出色的python解釋器,為用戶靈活地提供不同的解析策略或強(qiáng)勁的速度。
python爬蟲模塊Beautiful Soup安裝
Beautiful Soup 3 目前已經(jīng)停止開發(fā),推薦在現(xiàn)在的項目中使用Beautiful Soup 4,不過它已經(jīng)被移植到BS4了,也就是說導(dǎo)入時我們需要 import bs4 。所以這里我們用的版本是 Beautiful Soup 4.3.2 (簡稱BS4),另外據(jù)說 BS4 對 Python3 的支持不夠好,不過我用的是 Python2.7.7,如果有小伙伴用的是 Python3 版本,可以考慮下載 BS3 版本。 可以利用 pip 或者 easy_install 來安裝,以下兩種方法均可
easy_install beautifulsoup4
pip install beautifulsoup4
如果想安裝最新的版本,請直接下載安裝包來手動安裝,也是十分方便的方法。下載完成之后解壓,運(yùn)行下面的命令即可完成安裝
sudo python setup.py install
然后需要安裝 lxml
easy_install lxml
pip install lxml
另一個可供選擇的解析器是純Python實現(xiàn)的 html5lib , html5lib的解析方式與瀏覽器相同,可以選擇下列方法來安裝html5lib:
easy_install html5lib
pip install html5lib
Beautiful Soup支持Python標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫中的HTML解析器,還支持一些第三方的解析器,如果我們不安裝它,則 Python 會使用 Python默認(rèn)的解析器,lxml 解析器更加強(qiáng)大,速度更快,推薦安裝。
解析器 | 使用方法 | 優(yōu)勢 | 劣勢 |
Python標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫 | BeautifulSoup(markup, “html.parser”) | Python的內(nèi)置標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫 執(zhí)行速度適中 文檔容錯能力強(qiáng) | Python 2.7.3 or 3.2.2)前 的版本中文檔容錯能力差 |
lxml HTML 解析器 | BeautifulSoup(markup, “l(fā)xml”) | 速度快 文檔容錯能力強(qiáng) | 需要安裝C語言庫 |
lxml XML 解析器 | BeautifulSoup(markup, [“l(fā)xml”, “xml”]) BeautifulSoup(markup, “xml”) | 速度快 唯一支持XML的解析器 | 需要安裝C語言庫 |
html5lib | BeautifulSoup(markup, “html5lib”) | 最好的容錯性 以瀏覽器的方式解析文檔 生成HTML5格式的文檔 | 速度慢 |
創(chuàng)建Beautiful Soup對象
首先必須要導(dǎo)入 bs4 庫
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
我們創(chuàng)建一個字符串,后面的例子我們便會用它來演示
html = """ <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" class="sister" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> """
創(chuàng)建 beautifulsoup 對象
soup = BeautifulSoup(html)
另外,我們還可以用本地 HTML 文件來創(chuàng)建對象,例如
soup = BeautifulSoup(open('index.html'))
上面這句代碼便是將本地 index.html 文件打開,用它來創(chuàng)建 soup 對象。下面我們來打印一下 soup 對象的內(nèi)容,格式化輸出
print soup.prettify()
指定編碼:當(dāng)html為其他類型編碼(非utf-8和asc ii),比如GB2312的話,則需要指定相應(yīng)的字符編碼,BeautifulSoup才能正確解析。
htmlCharset = "GB2312"
soup = BeautifulSoup(respHtml, fromEncoding=htmlCharset)
#!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- from bs4 import BeautifulSoup import re #待分析字符串 html_doc = """ <html> <head> <title>The Dormouse's story</title> </head> <body> <p class="title aq"> <b> The Dormouse's story </b> </p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>, <a rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well. </p> <p class="story">...</p> """ # html字符串創(chuàng)建BeautifulSoup對象 soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, 'html.parser', from_encoding='utf-8') #輸出第一個 title 標(biāo)簽 print soup.title #輸出第一個 title 標(biāo)簽的標(biāo)簽名稱 print soup.title.name #輸出第一個 title 標(biāo)簽的包含內(nèi)容 print soup.title.string #輸出第一個 title 標(biāo)簽的父標(biāo)簽的標(biāo)簽名稱 print soup.title.parent.name #輸出第一個 p 標(biāo)簽 print soup.p #輸出第一個 p 標(biāo)簽的 class 屬性內(nèi)容 print soup.p['class'] #輸出第一個 a 標(biāo)簽的 href 屬性內(nèi)容 print soup.a['href'] ''' soup的屬性可以被添加,刪除或修改. 再說一次, soup的屬性操作方法與字典一樣 ''' #修改第一個 a 標(biāo)簽的href屬性為 http://www.baidu.com/ soup.a['href'] = 'http://www.baidu.com/' #給第一個 a 標(biāo)簽添加 name 屬性 soup.a['name'] = u'百度' #刪除第一個 a 標(biāo)簽的 class 屬性為 del soup.a['class'] ##輸出第一個 p 標(biāo)簽的所有子節(jié)點 print soup.p.contents #輸出第一個 a 標(biāo)簽 print soup.a #輸出所有的 a 標(biāo)簽,以列表形式顯示 print soup.find_all('a') #輸出第一個 id 屬性等于 link3 的 a 標(biāo)簽 print soup.find(id="link3") #獲取所有文字內(nèi)容 print(soup.get_text()) #輸出第一個 a 標(biāo)簽的所有屬性信息 print soup.a.attrs for link in soup.find_all('a'): #獲取 link 的 href 屬性內(nèi)容 print(link.get('href')) #對soup.p的子節(jié)點進(jìn)行循環(huán)輸出 for child in soup.p.children: print(child) #正則匹配,名字中帶有b的標(biāo)簽 for tag in soup.find_all(re.compile("b")): print(tag.name)
import bs4#導(dǎo)入BeautifulSoup庫 Soup = BeautifulSoup(html)#其中html 可以是字符串,也可以是句柄 需要注意的是,BeautifulSoup會自動檢測傳入文件的編碼格式,然后轉(zhuǎn)化為Unicode格式 通過如上兩句話,BS自動把文檔生成為如上圖中的解析樹。
Beautiful Soup四大對象種類
Beautiful Soup將復(fù)雜HTML文檔轉(zhuǎn)換成一個復(fù)雜的樹形結(jié)構(gòu),每個節(jié)點都是Python對象,所有對象可以歸納為4種:
- Tag
- NavigableString
- BeautifulSoup
- Comment
(1)Tag
Tag 是什么?通俗點講就是 HTML 中的一個個標(biāo)簽,例如
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
<a class="sister" href="//chabaoo.cn/" id="link1">jb51</a>
上面的 title a 等等 HTML 標(biāo)簽加上里面包括的內(nèi)容就是 Tag,下面我們來感受一下怎樣用 Beautiful Soup 來方便地獲取 Tags 下面每一段代碼中注釋部分即為運(yùn)行結(jié)果
print soup.title
#<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
print soup.head
#<head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
print soup.a
#<a class="sister" href="//chabaoo.cn/" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>
print soup.p
#<p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
利用 soup加標(biāo)簽名輕松地獲取這些標(biāo)簽的內(nèi)容,是不是感覺比正則表達(dá)式方便多了?不過有一點是,它查找的是在所有內(nèi)容中的第一個符合要求的標(biāo)簽,如果要查詢所有的標(biāo)簽,我們在后面進(jìn)行介紹。soup.title 得到的是title標(biāo)簽,soup.p 得到的是文檔中的第一個p標(biāo)簽,要想得到所有標(biāo)簽,得用find_all函數(shù)。find_all 函數(shù)返回的是一個序列,可以對它進(jìn)行循環(huán),依次得到想到的東西.。 我們可以驗證一下這些對象的類型
print type(soup.a)
#<class 'bs4.element.Tag'>
對于 Tag,它有兩個重要的屬性,是 name 和 attrs
name
print soup.name
print soup.head.name
#[document]
#head
soup 對象本身比較特殊,它的 name 即為 [document],對于其他內(nèi)部標(biāo)簽,輸出的值便為標(biāo)簽本身的名稱。 attrs
print soup.p.attrs
#{'class': ['title'], 'name': 'dromouse'}
在這里,我們把 p 標(biāo)簽的所有屬性打印輸出了出來,得到的類型是一個字典。如果我們想要單獨獲取某個屬性,可以這樣,例如我們獲取它的 class 叫什么
print soup.p['class']
#['title']
還可以這樣,利用get方法,傳入屬性的名稱,二者是等價的
print soup.p.get('class')
#['title']
我們可以對這些屬性和內(nèi)容等等進(jìn)行修改,例如
soup.p['class']="newClass"
print soup.p
#<p class="newClass" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
還可以對這個屬性進(jìn)行刪除,例如
del soup.p['class']
print soup.p
#<p name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
不過,對于修改刪除的操作,不是我們的主要用途,在此不做詳細(xì)介紹了,如果有需要,請查看前面提供的官方文檔
head = soup.find('head') #head = soup.head #head = soup.contents[0].contents[0] print head html = soup.contents[0] # <html> ... </html> head = html.contents[0] # <head> ... </head> body = html.contents[1] # <body> ... </body>
可以通過Tag.attrs訪問,返回字典結(jié)構(gòu)的屬性。 或者Tag.name這樣訪問特定屬性值,如果是多值屬性則以列表形式返回。
(2)NavigableString
既然我們已經(jīng)得到了標(biāo)簽的內(nèi)容,那么問題來了,我們要想獲取標(biāo)簽內(nèi)部的文字怎么辦呢?很簡單,用 .string 即可,例如
print soup.p.string
#The Dormouse's story
這樣我們就輕松獲取到了標(biāo)簽里面的內(nèi)容,想想如果用正則表達(dá)式要多麻煩。它的類型是一個 NavigableString,翻譯過來叫 可以遍歷的字符串,不過我們最好還是稱它英文名字吧。來檢查一下它的類型
print type(soup.p.string)
#<class 'bs4.element.NavigableString'>
(3)BeautifulSoup
BeautifulSoup 對象表示的是一個文檔的全部內(nèi)容.大部分時候,可以把它當(dāng)作 Tag 對象,是一個特殊的 Tag,我們可以分別獲取它的類型,名稱,以及屬性來感受一下
print type(soup.name)
#<type 'unicode'>
print soup.name
# [document]
print soup.attrs
#{} 空字典
(4)Comment
Comment 對象是一個特殊類型的 NavigableString 對象,其實輸出的內(nèi)容仍然不包括注釋符號,但是如果不好好處理它,可能會對我們的文本處理造成意想不到的麻煩。 我們找一個帶注釋的標(biāo)簽
print soup.a
print soup.a.string
print type(soup.a.string)
運(yùn)行結(jié)果如下
<a class="sister" href="//chabaoo.cn/" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>
Elsie
<class 'bs4.element.Comment'>
a 標(biāo)簽里的內(nèi)容實際上是注釋,但是如果我們利用 .string 來輸出它的內(nèi)容,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)它已經(jīng)把注釋符號去掉了,所以這可能會給我們帶來不必要的麻煩。 另外我們打印輸出下它的類型,發(fā)現(xiàn)它是一個 Comment 類型,所以,我們在使用前最好做一下判斷,判斷代碼如下
if type(soup.a.string)==bs4.element.Comment:
print soup.a.string
上面的代碼中,我們首先判斷了它的類型,是否為 Comment 類型,然后再進(jìn)行其他操作,如打印輸出。
Beautiful Soup模塊遍歷文檔樹
(1)直接子節(jié)點
Tag.Tag_child1:直接通過下標(biāo)名稱訪問子節(jié)點。 Tag.contents:以列表形式返回所有子節(jié)點。 Tag.children:生成器,可用于循環(huán)訪問:for child in Tag.children 要點:.contents .children 屬性 .contents tag 的 .content 屬性可以將tag的子節(jié)點以列表的方式輸出。可以使用 [num] 的形式獲得。使用contents向后遍歷樹,使用parent向前遍歷樹
print soup.head.contents
#[<title>The Dormouse's story</title>]
輸出方式為列表,我們可以用列表索引來獲取它的某一個元素
print soup.head.contents[0]
#<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
.children 它返回的不是一個 list,不過我們可以通過遍歷獲取所有子節(jié)點。我們打印輸出 .children 看一下,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)它是一個 list 生成器對象。 可以使用list可以將其轉(zhuǎn)化為列表。當(dāng)然可以使用for 語句遍歷里面的孩子。
print soup.head.children
#<listiterator object at 0x7f71457f5710>
我們怎樣獲得里面的內(nèi)容呢?很簡單,遍歷一下就好了,代碼及結(jié)果如下
for child in soup.body.children:
print child
<p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p>
(2)所有子孫節(jié)點
知識點:.descendants 屬性 .descendants .contents 和 .children 屬性僅包含tag的直接子節(jié)點,.descendants 屬性可以對所有tag的子孫節(jié)點進(jìn)行遞歸循環(huán),和 children類似,我們也需要遍歷獲取其中的內(nèi)容。 Tag.descendants:生成器,可用于循環(huán)訪問:for des inTag.descendants
for child in soup.descendants:
print child
運(yùn)行結(jié)果如下,可以發(fā)現(xiàn),所有的節(jié)點都被打印出來了,先生成最外層的 HTML標(biāo)簽,其次從 head 標(biāo)簽一個個剝離,以此類推。
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> </body></html> <head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <title>The Dormouse's story</title> The Dormouse's story <body> <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> </body> <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <b>The Dormouse's story</b> The Dormouse's story <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a> Elsie , <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link2">Lacie</a> Lacie and <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link3">Tillie</a> Tillie ; and they lived at the bottom of a well. <p class="story">...</p> ...
(3)節(jié)點內(nèi)容
知識點:.string 屬性 Tag.String:Tag只有一個String子節(jié)點是,可以這么訪問,否則返回None Tag.Strings:生成器,可用于循環(huán)訪問:for str in Tag.Strings 如果tag只有一個 NavigableString 類型子節(jié)點,那么這個tag可以使用 .string 得到子節(jié)點。如果一個tag僅有一個子節(jié)點,那么這個tag也可以使用 .string 方法,輸出結(jié)果與當(dāng)前唯一子節(jié)點的 .string 結(jié)果相同。通俗點說就是:如果一個標(biāo)簽里面沒有標(biāo)簽了,那么 .string 就會返回標(biāo)簽里面的內(nèi)容。如果標(biāo)簽里面只有唯一的一個標(biāo)簽了,那么 .string 也會返回最里面的內(nèi)容。如果超過一個標(biāo)簽的話,那么就會返回None。例如
print soup.head.string
#The Dormouse's story
print soup.title.string
#The Dormouse's story
如果tag包含了多個子節(jié)點,tag就無法確定,string 方法應(yīng)該調(diào)用哪個子節(jié)點的內(nèi)容, .string 的輸出結(jié)果是 None
print soup.html.string
# None
(4)多個內(nèi)容
知識點: .strings .stripped_strings 屬性 .strings 獲取多個內(nèi)容,不過需要遍歷獲取,比如下面的例子
for string in soup.strings: print(repr(string)) # u"The Dormouse's story" # u'\n\n' # u"The Dormouse's story" # u'\n\n' # u'Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were\n' # u'Elsie' # u',\n' # u'Lacie' # u' and\n' # u'Tillie' # u';\nand they lived at the bottom of a well.' # u'\n\n' # u'...' # u'\n'
.stripped_strings 輸出的字符串中可能包含了很多空格或空行,使用 .stripped_strings 可以去除多余空白內(nèi)容
for string in soup.stripped_strings: print(repr(string)) # u"The Dormouse's story" # u"The Dormouse's story" # u'Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were' # u'Elsie' # u',' # u'Lacie' # u'and' # u'Tillie' # u';\nand they lived at the bottom of a well.' # u'...'
(5)父節(jié)點
知識點: .parent 屬性 使用parent獲取父節(jié)點。 Tag.parent:父節(jié)點 Tag.parents:父到根的所有節(jié)點
body = soup.body html = body.parent # html是body的父親
p = soup.p
print p.parent.name
#body
content = soup.head.title.string
print content.parent.name
#title
(6)全部父節(jié)點
知識點:.parents 屬性 通過元素的 .parents 屬性可以遞歸得到元素的所有父輩節(jié)點,例如
content = soup.head.title.string for parent in content.parents: print parent.name title head html [document]
(7)兄弟節(jié)點
知識點:.next_sibling .previous_sibling 屬性
使用nextSibling, previousSibling獲取前后兄弟
Tag.next_sibling
Tag.next_siblings
Tag.previous_sibling
Tag.previous_siblings
兄弟節(jié)點可以理解為和本節(jié)點處在統(tǒng)一級的節(jié)點,.next_sibling 屬性獲取了該節(jié)點的下一個兄弟節(jié)點,.previous_sibling 則與之相反,如果節(jié)點不存在,則返回 None。
注意:實際文檔中的tag的 .next_sibling 和 .previous_sibling 屬性通常是字符串或空白,因為空白或者換行也可以被視作一個節(jié)點,所以得到的結(jié)果可能是空白或者換行
print soup.p.next_sibling # 實際該處為空白 print soup.p.prev_sibling #None 沒有前一個兄弟節(jié)點,返回 None print soup.p.next_sibling.next_sibling #<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were #<a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, #<a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link2">Lacie</a> and #<a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link3">Tillie</a>; #and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> #下一個節(jié)點的下一個兄弟節(jié)點是我們可以看到的節(jié)點
.next方法:只能針對單一元素進(jìn)行.next,或者說是對contents列表元素的挨個清點。 比如
soup.contents[1]=u'HTML'
soup.contents[2]=u'\n'
則soup.contents[1].next等價于soup.contents[2]
head = body.previousSibling # head和body在同一層,是body的前一個兄弟
p1 = body.contents[0] # p1, p2都是body的兒子,我們用contents[0]取得p1
p2 = p1.nextSibling # p2與p1在同一層,是p1的后一個兄弟, 當(dāng)然body.content[1]也可得到
contents[]的靈活運(yùn)用也可以尋找關(guān)系節(jié)點,尋找祖先或者子孫可以采用findParent(s), findNextSibling(s), findPreviousSibling(s)
(8)全部兄弟節(jié)點
知識點:.next_siblings .previous_siblings 屬性 通過 .next_siblings 和 .previous_siblings 屬性可以對當(dāng)前節(jié)點的兄弟節(jié)點迭代輸出
for sibling in soup.a.next_siblings: print(repr(sibling)) # u',\n' # <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link2">Lacie</a> # u' and\n' # <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link3">Tillie</a> # u'; and they lived at the bottom of a well.' # None
(9)前后節(jié)點
知識點:.next_element .previous_element 屬性 與 .next_sibling .previous_sibling 不同,它并不是針對于兄弟節(jié)點,而是在所有節(jié)點,不分層次。比如 head 節(jié)點為
<head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
那么它的下一個節(jié)點便是 title,它是不分層次關(guān)系的
print soup.head.next_element
#<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
(10)所有前后節(jié)點
知識點:.next_elements .previous_elements 屬性 通過 .next_elements 和 .previous_elements 的迭代器就可以向前或向后訪問文檔的解析內(nèi)容,就好像文檔正在被解析一樣
for element in last_a_tag.next_elements: print(repr(element)) # u'Tillie' # u';\nand they lived at the bottom of a well.' # u'\n\n' # <p class="story">...</p> # u'...' # u'\n' # None
以上是遍歷文檔樹的基本用法。
搜索文檔樹
最常用的是find_all()函數(shù) (1)find_all( name , attrs , recursive , text , **kwargs ) find_all() 方法搜索當(dāng)前tag的所有tag子節(jié)點,并判斷是否符合過濾器的條件 1)name 參數(shù) name 參數(shù)可以查找所有名字為 name 的tag,字符串對象會被自動忽略掉
#第一個參數(shù)為Tag的名稱 tag.find_all(‘title') #得到”<title>&%^&*</title>”,結(jié)果為一個列表 第二個參數(shù)為匹配的屬性 tag.find_all(“title”,class=”sister”) #得到如”<title class = “sister”>%^*&</title> # 第二個參數(shù)也可以為字符串,得到字符串匹配的結(jié)果 tag.find_all(“title”,”sister”) #得到如”<title class = “sister”>%^*&</title>
A.傳字符串 最簡單的過濾器是字符串.在搜索方法中傳入一個字符串參數(shù),Beautiful Soup會查找與字符串完整匹配的內(nèi)容,下面的例子用于查找文檔中所有的<b>標(biāo)簽
soup.find_all('b') # [<b>The Dormouse's story</b>] print soup.find_all('a') #[<a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link2">Lacie</a>, <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link3">Tillie</a>]
B.傳正則表達(dá)式 如果傳入正則表達(dá)式作為參數(shù),Beautiful Soup會通過正則表達(dá)式的 match() 來匹配內(nèi)容.下面例子中找出所有以b開頭的標(biāo)簽,這表示<body>和<b>標(biāo)簽都應(yīng)該被找到
import re for tag in soup.find_all(re.compile("^b")): print(tag.name) # body # b
C.傳列表 如果傳入列表參數(shù),Beautiful Soup會將與列表中任一元素匹配的內(nèi)容返回.下面代碼找到文檔中所有<a>標(biāo)簽和<b>標(biāo)簽
soup.find_all(["a", "b"]) # [<b>The Dormouse's story</b>, # <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link1">Elsie</a>, # <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link2">Lacie</a>, # <a class="sister" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" id="link3">Tillie</a>]
D.傳 True True 可以匹配任何值,下面代碼查找到所有的tag,但是不會返回字符串節(jié)點
for tag in soup.find_all(True): print(tag.name) # html # head # title # body # p # b # p # a # a
E.傳方法 如果沒有合適過濾器,那么還可以定義一個方法,方法只接受一個元素參數(shù) [4] ,如果這個方法返回 True 表示當(dāng)前元素匹配并且被找到,如果不是則反回 False。下面方法校驗了當(dāng)前元素,如果包含 class 屬性卻不包含 id 屬性,那么將返回 True:
def has_class_but_no_id(tag): return tag.has_attr('class') and not tag.has_attr('id')
將這個方法作為參數(shù)傳入 find_all() 方法,將得到所有<p>標(biāo)簽:
soup.find_all(has_class_but_no_id) # [<p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>, # <p class="story">Once upon a time there were...</p>, # <p class="story">...</p>]
2)keyword 參數(shù) 注意:如果一個指定名字的參數(shù)不是搜索內(nèi)置的參數(shù)名,搜索時會把該參數(shù)當(dāng)作指定名字tag的屬性來搜索,如果包含一個名字為 id 的參數(shù),Beautiful Soup會搜索每個tag的”id”屬性
soup.find_all(id='link2')
# [<a class="sister" href="如果傳入 href 參數(shù),Beautiful Soup會搜索每個tag的”href”屬性
soup.find_all(href=re.compile("elsie"))
# [<a class="sister" href="使用多個指定名字的參數(shù)可以同時過濾tag的多個屬性
soup.find_all(href=re.compile("elsie"), id='link1')
# [<a class="sister" href="在這里我們想用 class 過濾,不過 class 是 python 的關(guān)鍵詞,這怎么辦?加個下劃線就可以
soup.find_all("a", class_="sister")
# [<a class="sister" href=" # <a class="sister" href=" # <a class="sister" href="有些tag屬性在搜索不能使用,比如HTML5中的 data-* 屬性
data_soup = BeautifulSoup('<div data-foo="value">foo!</div>')
data_soup.find_all(data-foo="value")
# SyntaxError: keyword can't be an expression但是可以通過 find_all() 方法的 attrs 參數(shù)定義一個字典參數(shù)來搜索包含特殊屬性的tag
data_soup.find_all(attrs={"data-foo": "value"})
# [<div data-foo="value">foo!</div>]3)text 參數(shù) 通過 text 參數(shù)可以搜搜文檔中的字符串內(nèi)容.與 name 參數(shù)的可選值一樣, text 參數(shù)接受 字符串 , 正則表達(dá)式 , 列表, True
soup.find_all(text="Elsie") # [u'Elsie'] soup.find_all(text=["Tillie", "Elsie", "Lacie"]) # [u'Elsie', u'Lacie', u'Tillie'] soup.find_all(text=re.compile("Dormouse")) [u"The Dormouse's story", u"The Dormouse's story"]4)limit 參數(shù) find_all() 方法返回全部的搜索結(jié)構(gòu),如果文檔樹很大那么搜索會很慢.如果我們不需要全部結(jié)果,可以使用 limit 參數(shù)限制返回結(jié)果的數(shù)量.效果與SQL中的limit關(guān)鍵字類似,當(dāng)搜索到的結(jié)果數(shù)量達(dá)到 limit 的限制時,就停止搜索返回結(jié)果. 文檔樹中有3個tag符合搜索條件,但結(jié)果只返回了2個,因為我們限制了返回數(shù)量
soup.find_all("a", limit=2)
# [<a class="sister" href=" # <a class="sister" href="5)recursive 參數(shù) 調(diào)用tag的 find_all() 方法時,Beautiful Soup會檢索當(dāng)前tag的所有子孫節(jié)點,如果只想搜索tag的直接子節(jié)點,可以使用參數(shù) recursive=False 。一段簡單的文檔:
<html> <head> <title> The Dormouse's story </title> </head> ...是否使用 recursive 參數(shù)的搜索結(jié)果:
soup.html.find_all("title")
# [<title>The Dormouse's story</title>]
soup.html.find_all("title", recursive=False)
# [](2)find(name=None, attrs={}, recursive=True, text=None, **kwargs)
它與 find_all() 方法唯一的區(qū)別是 find_all() 方法的返回結(jié)果是值包含一個元素的列表,而 find() 方法直接返回結(jié)果。.find('p'),.findAll('p'):find返回的是字符串值,而且是返回從頭查找到的第一個tag對。但是如果這第一個tag對包括大量的內(nèi)容,父等級很高,則同時其內(nèi)部所包含的,此級標(biāo)簽也全部都find。findAll返回值是個列表,如果發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個同名標(biāo)簽內(nèi)含多個同名標(biāo)簽,則內(nèi)部的標(biāo)簽一并歸于該父標(biāo)簽顯示,列表其他元素也不再體現(xiàn)那些內(nèi)含的同名子標(biāo)簽。即findAll會返回所有符合要求的結(jié)果,并以list返回。
soup.findAll(οnclick='document.location...')
soup.findAll(attrs={'style':r'outline:none;'}) #用來查找屬性中有style='outline:none;的標(biāo)簽體。tag搜索
find(tagname) # 直接搜索名為tagname的tag 如:find('head')
find(list) # 搜索在list中的tag,如: find(['head', 'body'])
find(dict) # 搜索在dict中的tag,如:find({'head':True, 'body':True})
find(re.compile('')) # 搜索符合正則的tag, 如:find(re.compile('^p')) 搜索以p開頭的tag
find(lambda) # 搜索函數(shù)返回結(jié)果為true的tag, 如:find(lambda name: if len(name) == 1) 搜索長度為1的tag
find(True) # 搜索所有tagattrs搜索
find(id='xxx') # 尋找id屬性為xxx的
find(attrs={id=re.compile('xxx'), algin='xxx'}) # 尋找id屬性符合正則且algin屬性為xxx的
find(attrs={id=True, algin=None}) # 尋找有id屬性但是沒有algin屬性的
resp1 = soup.findAll('a', attrs = {'href': match1})
resp2 = soup.findAll('h1', attrs = {'class': match2})
resp3 = soup.findAll('img', attrs = {'id': match3})text搜索 文字的搜索會導(dǎo)致其他搜索給的值如:tag, attrs都失效。方法與搜索tag一致
print p1.text
# u'This is paragraphone.'
print p2.text
# u'This is paragraphtwo.'
# 注意:1,每個tag的text包括了它以及它子孫的text。2,所有text已經(jīng)被自動轉(zhuǎn)為unicode,如果需要,可以自行轉(zhuǎn)碼encode(xxx)recursive和limit屬性
recursive=False表示只搜索直接兒子,否則搜索整個子樹,默認(rèn)為True。
當(dāng)使用findAll或者類似返回list的方法時,limit屬性用于限制返回的數(shù)量,
如:findAll('p', limit=2): 返回首先找到的兩個tag(3)find_parents() find_parent()
find_all() 和 find() 只搜索當(dāng)前節(jié)點的所有子節(jié)點,孫子節(jié)點等. find_parents() 和 find_parent() 用來搜索當(dāng)前節(jié)點的父輩節(jié)點,搜索方法與普通tag的搜索方法相同,搜索文檔搜索文檔包含的內(nèi)容
(4)find_next_siblings() find_next_sibling()
這2個方法通過 .next_siblings 屬性對當(dāng) tag 的所有后面解析的兄弟 tag 節(jié)點進(jìn)行迭代, find_next_siblings() 方法返回所有符合條件的后面的兄弟節(jié)點,find_next_sibling() 只返回符合條件的后面的第一個tag節(jié)點
(5)find_previous_siblings() find_previous_sibling()
這2個方法通過 .previous_siblings 屬性對當(dāng)前 tag 的前面解析的兄弟 tag 節(jié)點進(jìn)行迭代, find_previous_siblings()方法返回所有符合條件的前面的兄弟節(jié)點, find_previous_sibling() 方法返回第一個符合條件的前面的兄弟節(jié)點
(6)find_all_next() find_next()
這2個方法通過 .next_elements 屬性對當(dāng)前 tag 的之后的 tag 和字符串進(jìn)行迭代, find_all_next() 方法返回所有符合條件的節(jié)點, find_next() 方法返回第一個符合條件的節(jié)點
(7)find_all_previous() 和 find_previous()
這2個方法通過 .previous_elements 屬性對當(dāng)前節(jié)點前面的 tag 和字符串進(jìn)行迭代, find_all_previous() 方法返回所有符合條件的節(jié)點, find_previous()方法返回第一個符合條件的節(jié)點
注:以上(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)方法參數(shù)用法與 find_all() 完全相同,原理均類似,在此不再贅述。
CSS選擇器
在寫 CSS 時,標(biāo)簽名不加任何修飾,類名前加點,id名前加 # 在這里我們也可以利用類似的方法來篩選元素,用到的方法是 soup.select(),返回類型是 list (1)通過標(biāo)簽名查找
print soup.select('title')
#[<title>The Dormouse's story</title>]
print soup.select('a')
#[<a class="sister" href="
print soup.select('b')
#[<b>The Dormouse's story</b>](2)通過類名查找
print soup.select('.sister')
#[<a class="sister" href="(3)通過 id 名查找
print soup.select('#link1')
#[<a class="sister" href="(4)組合查找 組合查找即和寫 class 文件時,標(biāo)簽名與類名、id名進(jìn)行的組合原理是一樣的,例如:查找 p 標(biāo)簽中,id 等于 link1的內(nèi)容,二者需要用空格分開
print soup.select('p #link1')
#[<a class="sister" href="直接子標(biāo)簽查找
print soup.select("head > title")
#[<title>The Dormouse's story</title>](5)屬性查找 查找時還可以加入屬性元素,屬性需要用中括號括起來,注意屬性和標(biāo)簽屬于同一節(jié)點,所以中間不能加空格,否則會無法匹配到。
print soup.select('a[class="sister"]')
#[<a class="sister" href="
print soup.select('a[href=")
#[<a class="sister" href="同樣,屬性仍然可以與上述查找方式組合,不在同一節(jié)點的空格隔開,同一節(jié)點的不加空格
print soup.select('p a[href=")
#[<a class="sister" href="以上的 select 方法返回的結(jié)果都是列表形式,可以遍歷形式輸出,然后用 get_text() 方法來獲取它的內(nèi)容。
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print type(soup.select('title'))
print soup.select('title')[0].get_text()
for title in soup.select('title'):
print title.get_text()這就是另一種與 find_all 方法有異曲同工之妙的查找方法,是不是感覺很方便?
print soup.find_all("a", class_="sister") print soup.select("p.title") # 通過屬性進(jìn)行查找 print soup.find_all("a", attrs={"class": "sister"}) # 通過文本進(jìn)行查找 print soup.find_all(text="Elsie") print soup.find_all(text=["Tillie", "Elsie", "Lacie"]) # 限制結(jié)果個數(shù) print soup.find_all("a", limit=2)本文詳細(xì)講解了python爬蟲塊Beautiful Soup從安裝到詳細(xì)使用方法與實例,更多關(guān)于python爬蟲塊Beautiful Soup的使用方法請查看下面的相關(guān)鏈接
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