class Node(object):
  def __init__(self, value=None):
    self._prev = None
    self.data = value
    self._next = None
  def __str__(self):
    return "Node(%s)"%self.data
class DoubleLinkedList(object):
  def __init__(self):
    self._head = Node()
  def insert(self, value):
    element = Node(value)
    element._next = self._head
    self._head._prev = element
    self._head = element
  def search(self, value):
    if not self._head._next:
      raise ValueError("the linked list is empty")
    temp = self._head
    while temp.data != value:
      temp = temp._next
    return temp
  def delete(self, value):
    element = self.search(value)
    if not element:
      raise ValueError('delete error: the value not found')
    element._prev._next = element._next
    element._next._prev = element._prev
    return element.data
  def __str__(self):
    values = []
    temp = self._head
    while temp and temp.data:
      values.append(temp.data)
      temp = temp._next
    return "DoubleLinkedList(%s)"%values

class Stack(object):
  def __init__(self):
    self._top = 0
    self._stack = []
  def put(self, data):
    self._stack.insert(self._top, data)
    self._top += 1
  def pop(self):
    if self.isEmpty():
      raise ValueError('stack 為空')
    self._top -= 1
    data = self._stack[self._top]
    return data
  def isEmpty(self):
    if self._top == 0:
      return True
    else:
      return False
  def __str__(self):
    return "Stack(%s)"%self._stack

class Queue(object):
  def __init__(self, max_size=float('inf')):
    self._max_size = max_size
    self._top = 0
    self._tail = 0
    self._queue = []
  def put(self, value):
    if self.isFull():
      raise ValueError("the queue is full")
    self._queue.insert(self._tail, value)
    self._tail += 1
  def pop(self):
    if self.isEmpty():
      raise ValueError("the queue is empty")
    data = self._queue.pop(self._top)
    self._top += 1
    return data
  def isEmpty(self):
    if self._top == self._tail:
      return True
    else:
      return False
  def isFull(self):
    if self._tail == self._max_size:
      return True
    else:
      return False
  def __str__(self):
    return "Queue(%s)"%self._queue

class Node:
  def __init__(self,item):
    self.item = item
    self.child1 = None
    self.child2 = None
class Tree:
  def __init__(self):
    self.root = None
  def add(self, item):
    node = Node(item)
    if self.root is None:
      self.root = node
    else:
      q = [self.root]
      while True:
        pop_node = q.pop(0)
        if pop_node.child1 is None:
          pop_node.child1 = node
          return
        elif pop_node.child2 is None:
          pop_node.child2 = node
          return
        else:
          q.append(pop_node.child1)
          q.append(pop_node.child2)
  def traverse(self): # 層次遍歷
    if self.root is None:
      return None
    q = [self.root]
    res = [self.root.item]
    while q != []:
      pop_node = q.pop(0)
      if pop_node.child1 is not None:
        q.append(pop_node.child1)
        res.append(pop_node.child1.item)
      if pop_node.child2 is not None:
        q.append(pop_node.child2)
        res.append(pop_node.child2.item)
    return res
  def preorder(self,root): # 先序遍歷
    if root is None:
      return []
    result = [root.item]
    left_item = self.preorder(root.child1)
    right_item = self.preorder(root.child2)
    return result + left_item + right_item
  def inorder(self,root): # 中序序遍歷
    if root is None:
      return []
    result = [root.item]
    left_item = self.inorder(root.child1)
    right_item = self.inorder(root.child2)
    return left_item + result + right_item
  def postorder(self,root): # 后序遍歷
    if root is None:
      return []
    result = [root.item]
    left_item = self.postorder(root.child1)
    right_item = self.postorder(root.child2)
    return left_item + right_item + result
t = Tree()
for i in range(10):
  t.add(i)
print('層序遍歷:',t.traverse())
print('先序遍歷:',t.preorder(t.root))
print('中序遍歷:',t.inorder(t.root))
print('后序遍歷:',t.postorder(t.root))

層次遍歷: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
先次遍歷: [0, 1, 3, 7, 8, 4, 9, 2, 5, 6]
中次遍歷: [7, 3, 8, 1, 9, 4, 0, 5, 2, 6]
后次遍歷: [7, 8, 3, 9, 4, 1, 5, 6, 2, 0]